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Chemistry A Level > Organic Reactions > Flashcards

Organic Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

conditions for the reduction of an alkene to an alkane

A

nickel catalyst
H2
150°C

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2
Q

conditions for the oxidation of an alkene to a diol

A

KMno4 (aq)
H2SO4 (aq)
goes from purple to colourless

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3
Q

conditions for polymerisation

A

heat and pressure

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4
Q

conditions for the electrophilic addition of an OH from an alkene to an alcohol

A

H2O gas
H3PO4
300°C
60-70 atm

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5
Q

conditions for the elimination of H2O from an alcohol to an alkene

A

heat

H3PO4 (conc)

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6
Q

conditions for the addition of a halogen to an alkene to make a halogenoalkane

A

Hydrogen halide

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7
Q

conditions for the elimination of a halogen from a halogenoalkane to an alkene

A

KOH (ethanol)

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8
Q

conditions for the substitution of an OH with chlorine (from alcohol to chloroalkane)

A

PCl5 or conc. HCl

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9
Q

conditions for the substitution of an OH with iodine (from alcohol to iodoalkane)

A

red phosphorus

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10
Q

conditions for the substitution of an OH with bromine

A

KBr and conc. H2SO4

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11
Q

conditions for the partial oxidation of a primary alcohol and what does it make?

A

makes aldehyde
limited [O] - K2Cr2O7
dilute H2SO4
distill out aldehyde, as it has lowest boiling point

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12
Q

conditions for the full oxidation of a primary alcohol and what does it make?

A

makes a carboxyllic acid
excess [O] - K2Cr2O7
dilute H2SO4
heat under reflux

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13
Q

conditions for the oxidation of a secondary alcohol and what does it make?

A

makes ketone
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
heat under reflux and then distill

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14
Q

alkene to dihalogenoalkane

A

electrophilic addition of halogen

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15
Q

alkene to halogenoalkane

A

electrophilic addition of hydrogen halide

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16
Q

test for alkenes

A

shake with bromine water, goes from orange to colourless

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17
Q

how to make a chloroalkane

A
  • alcohol
  • PCl5
  • produces HCl and POCl3
  • fizzing and steamy white fumes
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18
Q

how to make a bromoalkane

A
  • 50% H2SO4 + NaBr –> HBr + NaHSO4
  • alcohol + HBr –> bromoalkane + H2O
  • H2SO4 is 50% concentrated so it is low enough to prevent it oxidising HBr to bromine
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19
Q

how to make an iodoalkane

A
  • red phosphorus
  • P + I2 –> PI3
  • alcohol + PI3 –> iodoalkane + H3PO3
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20
Q

aldehyde / ketone to alcohol

A
  • reduction
  • nucleophilic addition of LiAlH4
  • add LiAlH4 in dry ether
  • R-CHO + 2[H] –> R-OH
  • R-CO-R + 2[H] –> R-OH-R
  • after the reduction you add HCl (aq) to hydrolyse the leftover LiAlH4
  • check mechanism
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21
Q

iodoform test

A
  • tests for methylketones, ethanal and secondary alcohols

- gives pale yellow precipitate with antiseptic smell

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22
Q

2,4-DNPH test

A
  • tests for aldehydes and ketones
  • forms yellow/orange ppt
  • can identify compound by filtering ppt, purifying by recrystallisation, measure melting point and compare to known data
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23
Q

Tollens’ Reagent

A
  • tests for aldehydes
  • alkaline solution of Ag+
  • forms silver mirror on test tube
24
Q

Fehling’s / Benedict’s Solution

A
  • tests for aldehydes
  • alkaline solution of Cu2+
  • blue solution to red precipitate
25
Q

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A
  • acidic oxidation
  • add acidified potassium dichromate (VI) K2Cr2O7
  • orange solution to green solution
26
Q

carboxylic acid to alcohol

A
  • reduction
  • LiAlH4 in dry ether
  • goes from carboxylic acid –> aldehyde –> alcohol
27
Q

carboxylic acid + PCl5

A

acyl chloride + POCl3

28
Q

how to make an acyl chloride

A
  • carboxylic acid + PCl5

- also makes POCl3

29
Q

write out equation for ethanoic acid + NaOH

A

check

30
Q

write out equation for ethanoic acid + Ca2O

A

check

31
Q

slow way to make an ester

A
  • carboxylic acid + alcohol –> ester + H2O
  • needs concentrated H2SO4 catalyst so slow
  • reversible so incomplete and low yield
32
Q

fast way to make an ester

A
  • acyl chloride + alcohol –> ester + HCl

- fast and complete reaction

33
Q

acidic hydrolysis of an ester

A
  • ester + H2O –> alcohol + carboxylic acid
  • slow as it needs dilute H2SO4 catalyst
  • incomplete so low yield
34
Q

alkaline hydrolysis of an ester

A
  • ester + NaOH –> salt + alcohol
  • add HCl to turn salt into carboxylic acid
  • fast and complete reaction
35
Q

how to make a polyester

A

condensation reaction with an alcohol and carboxylic acid, each with 2 functional groups on each

36
Q

reaction of benzene with oxygen in air

A

combustion, gives a very sooty flame as the C:H ratio is very high

37
Q

bromination of benzene mechanism

A
  • check mechanism
  • AlBr3 catalyst
  • eventually goes from orange to colourless
38
Q

how to make nitrobenzene

A
  • HNO3 conc. and H2SO4 conc.
  • check mechanism
  • T < 50°C prevents too many substitutions and TNT is explosive
39
Q

mechanism of Friedel-Crafts alkylation

A
  • check mechanism

- bromoalkane and AlBr3 catalyst

40
Q

mechanism of Friedel-Crafts acylation

A
  • check mechanism

- acyl chloride and AlCl3 catalyst

41
Q

mechanism of bromination of phenol

A
  • check mechanism

- solid product as it’s a large molecule and breaks more hydrogen bonds than it makes

42
Q

bad way to make an amine

A

R - Br + NH3 –> R-NH2 + HBr

  • nucleophilic substitution
  • check mechanism
  • can’t prevent multiple substitutions
43
Q

good way to make an amine

A
  • reduction of a nitrile

- LiAlH4 in dry ether

44
Q

reduction of nitrobenzene with equations

A
  • conc, HCl (aq)
  • Sn
  • heat under reflux
  • add NaOH
  • check equation
45
Q

amine + water equation

A
  • forms alkaline solution
  • reversible reaction
  • NH2 part + H+ –> NH3+ group
46
Q

amine + HCl

A

check salt

47
Q

amine + water

A

check salt

48
Q

amine + propanoic acid

A

check salt

49
Q

how to make an amide

A

amine + acyl chloride –> amide + HCl

50
Q

amine + halogenoalkane

A

check reaction

51
Q

formation of polyamides

A
  • condensation polymerisation

- always release HCl or H2O

52
Q

draw repeat unit of dicarboxylic acid and diamine

A

check

53
Q

draw repeat unit of diacyl chloride and diamine

A

check

54
Q

draw repeat unit of amino acid polyamide

A
  • check

- form peptide bond

55
Q

hydrolysis of peptide bond (draw)

A
  • heat under reflux
  • HCl (aq) or NaOH(aq) and water
  • amino acids produced which can be separated by chromotography
  • check products with HCl and NaOH

Chemistry A Level (14 decks)

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