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Chemistry A Level > 6 - Organic I > Flashcards

6 - Organic I Flashcards

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1
Q

homologous series definition

A

series of hydrocarbons with the same general formula

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2
Q

which organisation sets out how to name organic compounds

A

IUPAC

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3
Q

general formula for alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

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4
Q

how to make fuel

A

1) crude oil goes to fractional distillation
2) cracking with 650°C and alumina catalyst
3) fractional distillation again
4) reforming

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5
Q

what does reforming mean

A

converting long chain hydrocarbons to branched or cyclic isomers to make them more easily combustible

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6
Q

what is reforming

A

chambers lined with solid catalysts like Pd, Pt or Rh

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7
Q

why are branched/cyclic molecules easier to combust

A
  • can’t pack together easily
  • weaker london forces
  • more volatile
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8
Q

which pollutants are formed by combusting fuels

A
  • CO from incomplete combustion
  • Sulfur Oxides
  • Nitrous Oxides
  • unburned hydrocarbons
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9
Q

why are sulfur oxides bad

A
  • So2 reacts with H2O in the air to form H2SO2, sulfurous acid
  • weak acid but strong enough to harm plants and fish
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10
Q

why are nitrous oxides bad

A
  • NO causes acid rain

- NO2 causes respiratory issues

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11
Q

why is carbon monoxide bad

A

binds with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin which prevents binding of oxygen

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12
Q

what is a radical

A

a species with an unpaired electron

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13
Q

how is a radical formed

A

homolytic fission of a covalent bond

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14
Q

steps of alkane + halogen

A

1) initiation: Br - Br –> 2Br° using UV light
2) propagation: CH4 + Br° –> CH3° + HBr
CH3° + Br2 –> CH3Br + Br°
3) termination: 2CH3° –> C2H6
2Br° –> Br2
CH3° + Br° –> CH3Br

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15
Q

issues of halogen substitution

A
  • low yield because you cannot prevent multiple substitutions, or prevent where substitutions take place
  • a mixture of products is formed
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16
Q

general formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

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17
Q

what bonding is present in alkenes and how does that affect their reactivity

A
  • pi and sigma bonds

- pi bonds have side on overlap. This drags electrons at an angle, making it weaker and easier to break

18
Q

why do alkenes have geometric isomers?

A

restricted rotation around the C=C bond

19
Q

what is an electrophile

A

electron pair acceptor

20
Q

reduction of alkenes

A
  • add H2
  • nickel catalyst
  • 150°C
  • saturates the alkene. used to make margarine from vegetable oils, to saturate the fats
21
Q

oxidation of alkenes

A
  • KMno4 (aq)
  • H2SO4 (aq)
  • makes diol
22
Q

carbocation stability highest to lowest

A

3°
2°
1°

23
Q

draw the mechanism for electrophilic addition of HBr to propene

A

check

24
Q

draw the mechanism for ethene + steam

A

check

25
Q

draw the mechanism for propene and bromine water

A

check

26
Q

how are ions formed?

A

heterolytic bond fission of a covalent bond

27
Q

how can you dispose of waste polymers

A
  • recycle
  • incinerate
  • leave to decompose
  • use as feedstock for cracking
28
Q

how do scientists limit problems of polymer disposal?

A
  • create biodegradable polymers

- remove toxic gases produced by incineration of polymers

29
Q

what is a nucleophile

A

electron pair donor

30
Q

what bonds do halogenoalkanes form

A
  • london forces

- dipole dipole due to difference in electronegativity of halogens and carbon

31
Q

what is SN1

A
  • nucleophilic substitution 1
  • 1 thing in rate equation
  • tertiary halogenoalkanes
  • forms carbocation
32
Q

what is SN2

A
  • nucleophilic substitution 2
  • 2 things in rate equation
  • primary halogenoalkanes
  • forms intermediate
33
Q

draw the mechanism for SN1

A

check

34
Q

draw the mechanism for SN2

A

check

35
Q

draw the mechanism for halogenoalkanes + KOH (aq)

A

check

36
Q

mechanism for halogenoalkanes + AgNO3 (aq) in ethanol

A
  • nucleophilic substitution
  • NO3- is too stable so H2O is the nucleophile
  • H20 is not negative so is a weak nucleophile so slow reaction
  • silver halide formed so white ppt. seen
  • check mechanism
37
Q

mechanism for halogenoalkane + KCN (ethanol)

A
  • nucleophilic substitution
  • can’t be aqueous as OH- is a better nucleophile
  • makes a nitrile, increasing the carbon chain by 1
  • check mechanism
38
Q

mechanism for halogenoalkane + NH3 (ethanol)

A
  • nucleophilic substitution
  • ammonia is a good nucleophile so it donates electrons to a H, forming NH4 +
  • poor yield due to multiple substitutions
39
Q

mechanism for halogenoalkane + KOH (ethanol)

A
  • elimination
  • makes alkene
  • check mechanism
  • OH- acts as a base
40
Q

which halogenoalkane has the fastest hydrolysis rate and why

A
  • iodoalkane
  • longer and therefore weaker bonds
  • lower activation energy
41
Q

do tertiary or primary halogenoalkanes have faster hydrolysis rates and why

A
  • tertiary have higher rate than primary
  • tertiary always do SN1 which is faster
  • in SN2 you release halogen and add nucleophile at the same time, so has higher activation energy
42
Q

how can you compare rates of halogenoalkane hydrolysis

A

add aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol

Chemistry A Level (14 decks)

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