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A-Level Chemistry > Organic Reactions > Flashcards

Organic Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Alkane to CO2

A

Type: Combustion
Reactants: O2
Conditions: None
Notes: Can be complete or incomplete

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2
Q

Alkane to Halogenoalkane

A

Type: Free Radical Substitution
Reactants: X2 (Halogen)
Conditions: UV Light
Notes: Done in three steps (Initiation, Propagation, Termination)

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3
Q

Alkene to Alkane

A

Type: Free Radical Addition
Reactants: H2
Conditions: Ni catalyst, 150°C
Notes: Also known as hydrogenation

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4
Q

Alkene to Mono-Halogenoalkane

A

Type: Electrophilic Addition
Reactants: HX (Hydrogen halide)
Conditions: None
Notes: Major and Minor products can form

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5
Q

Alkene to Mono-Alcohol

A

Type: Electrophilic Addition
Reactants: Steam
Conditions: Acid catalyst e.g. H3PO4, 300-600°C, 5,000-10,000 kPa

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6
Q

Alkene to Diol

A

Type: Oxidation
Reactants: Acidified potassium manganate (VII) (KMnO4)
Conditions: Acidified
Notes: Colour change from purple to colourless (Manganate ions are reduced)

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7
Q

Alkene to Dihalogenoalkane

A

Type: Electrophilic Addition
Reactants: X2 (Halogen)
Conditions: None
Notes: Alkenes decolourise bromine water as bromine in water is brown, but dibromoalkanes are colourless

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8
Q

Halogenoalkane to Alcohol (2 ways)

A

Type: Nucleophilic Substitution
Reactants: Water or NaOH(aq)
Conditions: None or warmed
Notes: With water, it is hydrolysis. The reaction with water is slower

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9
Q

Halogenoalkane to Nitrile

A

Type: Nucleophilic Substitution
Reactants: KCN
Conditions: Ethanol and water mixture and reflux
Notes: Extends the carbon chain by one

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10
Q

Halogenoalkane to 1° Amine

A

Type: Nucleophilic Substitution
Reactants: Ammonia (NH3)
Conditions: Heated, ethanolic, excess ammonia and in a sealed tube
Notes: The excess ammonia reduces multiple substitutions

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11
Q

Halogenoalkane to Alkene

A

Type: Elimination
Reactants: NaOH
Conditions: Ethanolic and reflux
Notes: Major and Minor products can form

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12
Q

Alcohol to Chloroalkane (2 ways)

A

Reactants: Phosphorus Pentachloride (PCl5 or HCl
Conditions: Anhydrous or none
Notes: This is faster for tertiary alcohols

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13
Q

Alcohol to Bromoalkane

A

Reactants: KBr and 50% H2SO4
Conditions: Reflux
Notes: This is faster for tertiary alcohols

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14
Q

Alcohol to Iodoalkane

A

Reactants: Damp Red Phosphorus and Iodine
Conditions: Warmed
Notes: Actual reactant is PI3 which is formed in situ

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15
Q

Alcohol to Alkene

A

Type: Elimination (Dehydration)
Reactants: None
Conditions: Conc. acid catalyst e.g. H3PO4, 180°C

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16
Q

Alcohol to CO2

A

Type: Combustion
Reactants: O2
Conditions: None
Notes: The alcohol is oxidised

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17
Q

Primary Alcohol to Aldehyde

A

Type: Oxidation
Reactants: Acidified K2Cr2O7 OR acidified KMnO4
Conditions: Distil off the aldehyde as soon as it is formed
Notes: Colour change from orange to green OR from purple to colourless

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18
Q

Primary Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid

A

Type: Oxidation
Reactants: Acidified K2Cr2O7 OR acidified KMnO4
Conditions: Reflux
Notes: Colour change from orange to green OR from purple to colourless

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19
Q

Secondary Alcohol to Ketone

A

Type: Oxidation
Reactants: Acidified K2Cr2O7 OR acidified KMnO4
Conditions: Reflux
Notes: Colour change from orange to green OR from purple to colourless

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20
Q

Carbonyl to Alcohol

A

Type: Reduction
Reactants: LiAlH4
Conditions: Dry ether
Notes: Add acid after reaction

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21
Q

Carbonyl to Hydroxynitrile

A

Type: Nucleophilic Addition
Reactants: HCN
Conditions: KCN (HCN is only a weak acid)
Notes: Forms optical isomers unless methanal

22
Q

Nitrile to Carboxylic Acid

A

Type: Hydrolysis
Reactants: Dilute HCl
Conditions: Reflux, distil off the carboxylic acid

23
Q

Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid

A

Type: Oxidation
Reactants: Acidified K2Cr2O7 OR acidified KMnO4
Conditions: Reflux

24
Q

Carboxylic Acid to Alcohol

A

Type: Reduction
Reactants: LiAlH4
Conditions: Dry ether
Notes: Add acid after reaction. Goes straight to an alcohol, not an aldehyde

25
Q

Carboxylic Acid to Ester

A

Type: Esterification (Condensation)
Reactants: An alcohol
Conditions: Acid catalyst e.g. conc. H2SO4
Notes: Reaction is reversible so distil off product just below 80°C and then react with sodium carbonate to remove any carboxylic acid

26
Q

Ester to Carboxylic Acid

A

Type: Acid Hydrolysis
Reactants: None
Conditions: Dilute acid and reflux
Notes: An alcohol is also produced. This is a reversible reaction as it is the opposite of esterification

27
Q

Ester to Carboxylate Ion

A

Type: Alkali Hydrolysis
Reactants: Dilute alkali e.g. NaOH
Conditions: Reflux
Notes: An alcohol is also produced. This reaction goes to completion

28
Q

Carboxylic Acid to Acyl Chloride

A

Reactants: PCl5
Conditions: Anhydrous
Notes: Steamy fumes given off (corrosive HCl)

29
Q

Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid

A

Type: Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
Reactants: Water
Conditions: None

30
Q

Acyl Chloride to Ester

A

Type: Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
Reactants: Alcohol
Conditions: Anhydrous

31
Q

Acyl Chloride to Amide

A

Type: Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
Reactants: conc. NH3
Conditions: Anhydrous

32
Q

Acyl Chloride to N-Substituted Amide

A

Type: Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination
Reactants: Amine
Conditions: Anhydrous

33
Q

Benzene to CO2

A

Type: Combustion
Reactants: O2
Conditions: None
Notes: Gives off a very smoky flame as there is not enough oxygen in air

34
Q

Arene to Halogenoarene

A

Type: Electrophilic Substitution
Reactants: Halogen
Conditions: Catalyst e.g. AlCl3 or FeBr3

35
Q

Adding an Alkyl Group to Benzene

A

Type: Electrophilic Substitution (Friedel-Crafts Alkylation)
Reactants: Halogenoalkane
Conditions: Anhydrous and catalyst (AlCl3, FeBr3)

36
Q

Arene to Phenylketone

A

Type: Electrophilic Substitution (Friedel-Crafts Acylation)
Reactants: Acyl Chloride
Conditions: Dry ether and catalyst (AlCl3, FeBr3)

37
Q

Benzene to Nitrobenzene

A

Type: Electrophilic Substitution
Reactants: Conc. HNO2
Conditions: Conc. H2SO4
Notes: For only one reaction, keep the reaction below 55°C

38
Q

Nitrile to Amine (2 ways)

A

Type: Reduction
Reactants: LiAlH4 OR H2
Conditions: Dry ether, then add acid OR Ni catalyst and 150°C

39
Q

Nitrobenzene to Phenylamine

A

Type: Reduction
Reactants: Conc. HCl
Conditions: A tin catalyst and reflux

40
Q

Halogenoalkane to Grignard Reagent

A

Reactants: Mg
Conditions: Dry ether and reflux
Notes: Carried in in situ for the reaction of the grignard reagent

41
Q

Grignard Reagent to Carboxylic Acid

A

Reactants: CO2
Conditions: Dry ether

42
Q

Grignard Reagent to Alcohol

A

Reactants: Carbonyl
Conditions: Dry ether

43
Q

Grignard Reagent to Alkane

A

Reactants: Water
Conditions: None

44
Q

Alcohol to Ester

A

Type: Esterification (Condensation)
Reactants: A carboxylic acid
Conditions: Acid catalyst e.g. conc. H2SO4
Notes: Reaction is reversible so distil off product just below 80°C and then react with sodium carbonate to remove any carboxylic acid

45
Q

Carbonyl to 3° Alcohol

A

No reaction

46
Q

Methyl Ketone to Pale Yellow Precipitate (CH3I)

A

Reactant: Iodine
Conditions: Warm gently, alkaline conditions

47
Q

Carbonyl to Orange Precipitate

A

Reactant: 2,4-DNPH
Conditions: None
Notes: Melting point of the precipitate can determine the carbonyl

48
Q

Carboxylic Acid to Carboxylate Salt

A

Reactant: An alkali
Conditions: Reflux

49
Q

Acyl Chloride to Phenyl Ketone

A

Type: Electrophilic Substitution (Friedel-Crafts Acylation)
Reactants: Benzene
Conditions: Dry ether and AlCl3 catalyst

50
Q

N-Substituted Amide to Carboxylic Acids and Amines

A

Type: Hydrolysis
Reactants: None
Conditions: Acidic or alkaline conditions

A-Level Chemistry (4 decks)

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