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Chemistry paper 2 > Organic reactions > Flashcards

Organic reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkenes

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

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2
Q

unsaturated

A

Has atleast one carbon carbon double bond

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3
Q

general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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4
Q

First four alkenes

A

E- Ethene
P- Propene
B- Butene
P- Pentene

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5
Q

How does alkenes have lots of reactions with different compounds

A

Their Double bond

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6
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Alkene reacts with hydrogen to then make it saturated as double bond splits and turn into an alkane
- conditions= catalyst present

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7
Q

Alkene reacting with steam

A

Alkene + Water –> alcohol (OH at the end)
- conditions= catalyst and high temperature

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8
Q

Alcohol separation

A
  1. After reaction takes place, the mixture is
    passed from reactor to condenser
  2. Ethene has a lower BP than ethanol and H2O
    so both condenses whilst any unreacted
    ethene gas is recycled back into reactor
  3. the alcohol can then be purified from the
    mixture by fractional distillation
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9
Q

Alkene incomplete combustion

A

Alkene + Oxygen –> Carbon + Carbon monoxide (CO) + carbon dioxide + water
- smokey yellow flame
- less energy

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10
Q

Alkenes burn with a _______ ______?

A

smokey flame

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11
Q

Alkenes reacting with Halogens

A

di + halogen + alkane

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12
Q

Name some halogens

A
  • Bromine
  • Iodine
  • Chlorine
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13
Q

Test for alkenes

A

add the alkene solution into a test tube with orange bromine water.

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14
Q

Result for alkenes

A

Orange bromine water turns colourless

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15
Q

Alcohols

A
  • Homologous series (-OH)
  • Ends with -OL
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16
Q

What are the first 4 alcohols in the homologous series?

A
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
  • Butanol
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17
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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18
Q

Properties of the first four alcohols

A
  • flammable
  • Soluble
  • Oxidised to make carboxylic acids
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19
Q

Flammability of alcohol

A

Can undergo complete combustion.
Alcohol+O2–>CO2+H2O

20
Q

Solubility of alcohol

A

Can dissolve in water to form a solution which will have a neutral pH

21
Q

Uses of alcohol

A
  • Fuels as combustion releases a lot of energy
  • Solvents in industry (often is an alternative of water when water can’t dissolve something like hydrocarbons and lipid compounds)
22
Q

What is ethanol?

A

An alcohol with the formula CH3CH2OH

23
Q

What are the three main uses of ethanol?

A
  • Chemical feedstock to produce other organic compounds
  • Biofuel (can be burned like petrol)
  • Used in alcoholic drinks
24
Q

How can ethanol be produced

A

Reaction of ethane with steam (H2O)

25
Q

What type of reaction is Ethene + steam

A

Addition reaction

26
Q

What are the conditions to make ethanol

A
  • catalyst (phosphoric acid)
  • high temp (300•C)
  • high pressure (60-70atm)
27
Q

What are the advantages of ethanol

A

-ethene is cheap
-reaction is cheap and efficient

28
Q

Disadvantages of ethanol

A
  • Ethan made from crude oil (non-renewable) so if it runs out it will become expensive
29
Q

What is fermentation

A

An anaerobic respiration of sugars, which uses enzyme in yeast, to convert sugars into ethanol and CO2

30
Q

What type of reaction is fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration (respiration without oxygen)

31
Q

Fermentation conditions

A
  • Fermentation tanks that have no oxygen so
    ethanol isn’t oxidised to ethanoic acid
  • Yeast cells that contain natural occurring
    enzymes to catalyse reaction
  • Temp at 30-40 (37)
32
Q

Advantages of fermentation

A
  • Sugars are renewable recourse so cant run out
  • Yeast easy to grow
33
Q

Disadvantages of fermentation

A
  • Process is relatively slow (bc of enzymes)
  • Ethanol produced isnt pure (aqueous) so have
    to fractional distillation
34
Q

Fermentation equation

A

sugar –> ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
C6H12O6 –> CH3CH2OH+ CO2

35
Q

Carboxylic acids

A
  • Homologous series (-COOH)
  • End with -anoic acid
36
Q

First four Carboxylic acids

A
  • Methanoic acid (HCOOH)
  • Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH
  • Propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH)
  • Butanoic acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH)
37
Q

Carboxylic acid properties

A
  • All carboxylic acids are weak acids.
  • Weak acids do not fully ionise in water.
  • This means that weak acids don’t release all
    their hydrogen ions.
38
Q

Carboxylic acid equation when ionised

A

C2H5COOH (Equillibrium) C2H5COO- + H+
- the negative products end with (metal) (alkane)-anoate ion

39
Q

Carboxylic acid reacting with metal carbonate

A

Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate –> salt + water + carbon dioxide

40
Q

How are carboxylic acids made?

A

Oxidise an alcohol using an oxidising agent

41
Q

Carboxylic acid reactions

A

-Carboxylic acid + metal ➔ salt + hydrogen
-Carboxylic acid + metal oxide ➔ salt + water
-Carboxylic acid + metal hydroxide ➔ salt +
water
-Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate ➔ salt +
water + carbon dioxide

42
Q

Esters

A
  • Functional group -COO- somewhere in the
    middle of the molecule
  • Formed from carboxylic acid and alcohol
43
Q

Esters properties

A
  • pleasant smell (sweet or fruity)
  • Volatile (evaporate easily)
44
Q

Uses of esters

A
  • Food flavoring
  • Perfumes
45
Q

How are esters formed

A

Alcohol (loses H) + carboxylic acid (loses OH) –> ethyl thanoate + water
- with acid catalyst (concetrated sulphuric acid(H2S4))

Chemistry paper 2 (7 decks)

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