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Chemistry > Organic Reactions > Flashcards

Organic Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Reagents and conditions for forming an alkane from an alkene

A
  • hydrogenation
  • react the alkene with hydrogen
  • 150 degrees with nickel catalyst
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2
Q

Reagents and conditions for forming an alcohol from the hydration of an alkene

A
  • use steam ( H20 )
  • phosphoric acid catalyst
  • 300 degrees and 60 atm
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3
Q

What oxidising agent is used to form an alcohol from an alkene

A
  • acidified potassium manganate
  • forming a diol
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4
Q

What forms from reacting an alkene with a hydrogen halide e.g HBr

A
  • a halogenoalkane
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5
Q

What forms when we react an unsymmetrical alkene with a hydrogen halide e.g HBr

A
  • we form a primary and a secondary carbonation intermediate
  • secondary is more stable
  • primary carbocation forms a primary halogenoalkane ( minor product )
  • secondary carbocation forms a secondary halogenoalkane ( major product )
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6
Q

How do halogenoalkanes react with water

A
  • nucleophilic substitution
  • heat with water
  • water acts as a nucleophile
  • forming an alcohol + hydrogen ion + halide ion
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7
Q

Reagents and conditions to form an alcohol from a halogenoalkane

A
  • nucleophilic substitution
  • warm aqueous sodium hydroxide
  • carried out by reflux
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8
Q

Reagents and conditions for reaction between halogenoalkane and cyanide ions

A
  • nucleophilic substitution to form nitriles
  • warm ethanolic potassium cyanide
  • carried out by reflux
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9
Q

Products, reagents and conditions for reaction between halogenoalkanes and ammonia

A
  • nucleophilic substitution to form an amine + ammonium ion ( NH4+ )
  • heat with ethanolic ammonia
  • must have excess ammonia in a sealed container
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10
Q

Reagents and conditions for forming an alkene from a halogenoalkane

A
  • elimination reaction
  • warm ethanolic sodium hydroxide
  • carried out by reflux
  • also forming water + halide ion
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11
Q

What are the two different organic products we can form when reacting a halogenoalkane with sodium hydroxide

A
  • an alkene - using an ethanol solvent (elimination)
  • an alcohol - using water as a solvent (nucleophilic substitution)
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12
Q

How do we form chloroalkanes from an alcohol

A
  • react the alcohol with PCl5 or HCl
  • using PCl5: ROH + PCl5 —> RCl + HCl + POCl3
  • using HCl: ROH + HCl —> RCl + H2O
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13
Q

How do we form bromoalkanes from alcohols

A
  • formed by nucleophilic substitution
  • using halide ion source e.g. NaBr and concentrated sulfuric acid H2SO4
  • the NaBr reacts with the sulfuric acid to form hydrogen bromide HBr
  • HBr then reacts with the alcohol via nucleophilic substitution to form a bromoalkane + water
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14
Q

How do we form Iodoalkanes from alcohols

A
  • react the alcohol with PI3
  • 3ROH + PI3 —> 3RI + H3PO3
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15
Q

What forms from the dehydration of alcohols, state reagents and conditions

A
  • alkenes
  • using sulfuric acid catalyst
  • ethanol + sulfuric acid —> ethene + water
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16
Q

What occurs from the dehydration/elimination of non-primary alcohols

A
  • can form 3 different alkenes
  • using sulfuric acid catalyst
  • because the double bond can form on either side of the carbon with the OH group attached to it
  • which causes E/Z isomerism + primary alkene
17
Q

How do we form an aldehyde from a primary alcohol

A
  • using acidified potassium dichromate as an oxidising agent
  • carried out by distillation
18
Q

How do we form a carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol

A
  • using excess acidified potassium dichromate as an oxidising agent
  • carried out by reflux
19
Q

How do we form a carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol

A
  • use excess acidified potassium dichromate as an oxidising agent
  • carried out by reflux
20
Q

What do we form when we oxidise a secondary alcohol

A
  • use acidified potassium dichromate as an oxidising agent
  • forming a ketone
  • carried out by reflux
21
Q

How do we form a halogenoalkane from an alkene

A
  • electrophilic addition using a hydrogen halide
  • hydrogen halide acts as an electrophile and accepts a pair of electrons from alkene double bond

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