Organic Reactions

Question 1

Combustion

Answer 1

Oxidation Reaction
Organic + O2 - > CO2 + H2O

Sufficient O2 / complete combustion

Question 2

Hydrogenation (key: hydrogen)

Answer 2

Addition reaction (Unsaturated to Saturated)
Alkene + H2 - > Alkane

Organic solvent,
Pt, Pd or Ni catalyst

Question 3

Halogenation

Answer 3

Addition reaction
Alkene + X2 - > Dihaloalkane

Bromine test

Question 4

Hydration (key: water)

Answer 4

Addition reaction
Alkene + H2O - > Alcohol

Steam (H2O) and H3PO4 catalyst

Question 5

Hydrohalogenation (key: _ + hydro halo)

Answer 5

Addition reaction
Alkene + HX - > Haloalkane

NO WATER IS PRESENT

Question 6

Free Radical Halogenation (NOT HALOGENATION)

Answer 6

Substitution Reactions (Saturated - > Saturated)
Alkane + X2 - > Haloalkane + HX

UV light / heat needed

Question 7

Hydrolysis [NOT DEHYDROHALOGENATION]

Answer 7

Substitution Reaction
Haloalkane + NaOH (aq) - > Alcohol + NaX

Heat with reflux and dilute NAOH (alkali)
WATER IS PRESENT

Question 8

Dehydration (i.e. Removing water) [NOT ESTERIFICATION]

Answer 8

Elimination Reaction : Saturated to Unsatured
Alcohol - > Alkene + water

Heat, dehydrating catalyst (conc H2SO4, H3PO4 or Pumice or Al3O3)

Question 9

Dehydrohalogenation
[NOT HYDROLYSIS]

Answer 9

Elimination Reaction
Haloalkane - > Alkene + HX

Heat, alkali (conc HAOH or KOH) in ethanol
NO WATER

Question 10

Cracking

Answer 10

Elimination Reaction
Alkanes (long chain) - > Alkene + Alkane

Thermal cracking (no catalyst)
Catalytic cracking (lower P and T - with catalyst)
Produces smaller, more useful hydrocarbons

Question 11

Esterification [NOT DEHYDRATION]

Answer 11

Condensation Reaction
Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid - > Ester + H2O

Conc H2SO4 catalyst