Organic Reactions Flashcards
What is a substitution reaction
A hydrogen atom or functional group is replaced by another atom or molecule
What is a addition reaction
two or more molecules combine to go a larger one
What is a elimination reaction
The reverse of addition reaction
What is condensation reaction
Two molecules react to form a a larger molecule and another smaller one such as H20
What is oxidation reaction?
The addition of oxygen atoms or the removal of hydrogen atoms
What is a reduction reaction
The addition of hydrogen atoms or the removal of oxygen atoms (reverse of oxidation)
Which one of the homologous series can undergo combustion and substitution
Alkane
What is the difference between incomplete and complete combustion
During combustion when there is a limited oxygen supply, it is incomplete combustion, and CO or C is formed instead of carbon dioxide (complete combustion)
When an alkene C20H42 is heated with a catalyst under suitable conditions, 6 Ethane molecules and one other molecule is formed. What reaction has occurred
Catalyst cracking
What is formed during combustion of Alkanes
CO2/CO/C and water
What is the condition required for the substitution reaction of Alkane to occur
Presence of UV light
What is a halogen (used to react with alkanes in substitution reactions)
An organic compound where one or more H atoms is replaced by another atom like F Cl Br I etc
Name in order top to bottom products of fractional distillation of crude oil
Petroleum gas Gasoline Naphtha Paraffin Diesel oil Lubricating oil Bitumen
What is the catalyst for catalyst cracking?
Aluminum oxide or silicon IV oxide
What is the temperature for catalyst cracking of alkanes
600 degrees
What does catalyst cracking do
Converts long chains to short chains
What does combustion of alkanes produce
CO2 and H2O only
What are the three types of addition reaction
Addition of halogen
Addition of steam
Addition of hydrogen
What is the colour change in the addition of bromine reaction
Orange red colour will disappear as product formed is colour less
What are the industrial level reagents and conditions for addition of steam to alkanes
300 degrees Celsius
60 bar pressure
Catalyst: concentrated phosphoric acid H3PO4
What reaction allows alkenes to be converted to alkanes
Addition of hydrogen
Reagents and conditions of addition of halogen to alkene
Halogen dissolved in CCl4, dark
Reagents and conditions for addition of steam
1) Concentrated H2SO4 at room temp
2) add H2O, warm
Reagents and conditions for Addition of hydrogen
H2 gas
Platinum catalyst
What is the colour test for double bonds/ unsaturated compounds/ alkenes
Orange aqueous bromine test that decolorizes when = present
What can the combustion of ethanol be used as?
Fuel as it produces a lot of heat
Reagents and conditions of elimination reaction for alcohol
Excess concentrated H2SO4
170 degrees
When will an elimination reaction in alcohols result in 2 possible alkene products
When the alcohol functional group is in the middle of the chain
What are the possible oxidising agents for oxidation of alcohols
Acidified potassium manganate (VII)
Acidified potassium dichromate (VI)
Reagents and conditions of oxidation of alcohols
KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7
H2SO4 (aq)
Heat
What will oxidation of a primary alcohol form
A carboxylic acid
What will oxidation of a secondary alcohol form
A keto group
How many [O] is required for primary and secondary alcohol oxidation reactions respectively
2 and 1
What are the by products of elimination reactions
H2O
What are the by products of oxidation
H2O
What are the colour changes of the oxidising reagents of alcohols oxidation reaction
Purple-> decolourised KMnO4
Orange -> green K2Cr2O7
What is the reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acid that forms esters
Condensation
What is one property of esters and what is its functional group
It is sweet smelling
-COO-
What is the catalyst of the condensation reaction that forms esters
Concentrated sulfuric acid
What is the bond created when an ester is formed
C-O-C^=O
State two ways ethanol can be prepared
Fermentation of glucose
Catalysts addition of steam to ethane laboratory
What are the reagents and conditions for addition of steam to ethane laboratory (industrial standards)
300 degrees, 60 bar pressure Concentrated phosphoric (V) acid catalyst
A primary alcohol becomes a carboxylic acid after a reaction. What is it?
Oxidation with 2[O]
What is the ester of ethanol and propanoic acid
Ethyl props oate
What is the by product formed when an ester is formed?
Water
