ORGANIC PATHWAYS Flashcards by george Humphreys

How can you get a haloalkane

ALL conditions

from alkane using halogen and UV light
from alkene using hydrogen halide or halogen molecule
from alcohol using sodium halide and H2SO4

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How can you get an alkane

from alkene using H2 and Ni catalyst

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How can you get alkene

from alcohol using conc H2SO4 and high heat

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How can you get nitriles

from refluxing haloalkane with NaCN + ethanol

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How can you get amines

from haloalkane using excess ethanolic ammonia and heat
from nitrile using H2 and Ni catalyst
from hydroxynitrile using LiAlH4 and dilute acid

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How can you get alcohols

primary, secondary and tertiary

from alkene using H2O(g), H3PO4 and high pressure
from haloalkane, refluxing using dilute NaOH
2nd from ketone using aq NaBH4
1st from Aldehyde/carboxylic acid using aq NaBH4

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how can you get ketones

reflux using acidified K2Cr2O7 from 2nd alcohol

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How can you get hydroxynitrile

from ketone, using HCN
from aldehyde, using HCN

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How can you get aldehyde

from primary alcohol, distilation using acidified K2Cr2O7

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How can you get carboxylic acid

refluxing aldehyde/primary alcohol using acidifed K2Cr2O7
acid hydrolysing ester using dilute acid and heat
hydrolysing nitrile/hydroxynitrile using reflux with dilute HCl
from acyl chloride using cold water

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How can you get sodium salt of carboxylic acid + alcohol

Name type of reaction

from ester via alkaline hydrolysis using, reflux & NaOH

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How can you get ester

from alcohol using conc H2SO4 and carboxylic acid
from carboxylic acid using alcohol and conc H2SO4
from acyl chloride using alcohol

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How can you get acyl chloride

from carboxylic acid using SOCl2

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How can you get primary and secondary amide

get primary from acyl chloride using ammonia
secondary from acyl chloride using primary amine

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How can you get alkyl benzenes

what is reaction called

from benzene using alkyl halide and halogen carrier

alkylation

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how to get nitrobenzene

what is reaction called

from benzene using nitric acid and sulfuric acid

nitration

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How to get phenylamine

what is reaction called

from nitrobenzene, using Sn and HCl

reducation

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How to get halide benzene

from benzene using halogen and halogen carrier

bromo phenol is a white PPt

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How to get phenyl ester

from benzene using halide ester and halogen carrier

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How to get phenyl alcohol

from phenyl ester using NaBH4

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observations when Cu2+ reacts with little/excess dilute NaOH or little dilute ammonia

pale blue precipitate
[Cu(H2O)^2+ + 2OH- > [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O

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observations when Cu2+ reacts with excess dilute ammonia

deep blue solution
[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2] + 2OH- + 2H2O

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observation of Cu2+ in solution

pale blue
[Cu(H2O)6]2+

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observations of Fe2+ in solution

Study These Flashcards

light green
[Fe(H2O)6]2+

observations of Cu2+ in carbonate solution

blue precipitate [Cu(H2O)6]2+ + CO3 2- > CuCO3 + 6H2O

observations of Fe2+ in litte/excess dilute NaOH or little/excess dilute ammonia or sodium carbonate solution

green precipitate - [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH- > [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O - [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + CO3 2- > FeCO3 + 6H2O

obersavtions of Fe3+ in solution

pale yellow [Fe(H2O)6]2+

observations of Fe3+ in little/excess dilute NaOH or little/excess dilute ammonia

brown precipitate [Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- > [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O

observations of Fe3+ in sodium carbonate solution

brown precipitate & bubbles of gas evolved 2[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO 2- > 2[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O + 3CO2

observation of Mn2+ in solution

pale pink

Observations of Mn2+ in little/excess dilute NaOH and little/excess dilute ammonia

light brown precipitate Mn2+ + 2OH- > Mn(OH)2

observations of Cr3+ in solution

violet [Cr(H2O)6]3+

observations of Cr3+ in little dilute NaOH

grey-green precipitate [Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- = [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O

observations of Cr3+ in excess dilute NaOH

**dark** green solution [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3OH- = [Cr(OH)6]3- + 3H2O

observations of Cr3+ in little dilute amonia

grey green precipitate [Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- = [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O

observations of Cr3+ in excess dilute amonia

purple violet solution [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 6NH3 = [Cr(NH3)6]3+ + 3H2O + 3OH-

observations of Cr3+ in sodium carbonate solution

grey-green precipitate with gas bubbles evolved 2[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO3 2- = 2[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O + 3CO2

How can you get nitro-phenol | what compounds of nitro phenol are produced

react phenol with HNO3 | nitration phenol 2,4 directing

How can you get bromo-phenol | what specific compound is produced

react phenol with Br2 bromination | 2,4,6 bromo-phenol

How to get sodium phenoxide

react phenol with NaOH neutralisation reaction

Name the 2,4 directing groups

NH2 (primary amine) NHR (secondary amine) NR2 (tertiary amine) OH (phenol) OR R (alkyl group) benzene ring halogens

what are the 3 directing groups

RCOR (ketone) COOR (ester) SO3H CHO (aldehydes) COOH (carboxylic acid) CN (nitrile) NO2 (nitrate) NR3 +

equation for entropy change

products - reactants

equation for entrapy

products - reactants

define lattice enthalpy

the enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of an ionic compound from its gaseous ions under standard conditions

define standard enthalpy change of atomisation

the enthalpy change that takes place for the formation of 1 mole of gaseous atoms from the element in its standard state under standard conditions | always an endothermic value as bond breaking is endothermic

define 1st electron affinity

the enthalpy change that takes place when 1 electron is added to each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1- ions

define standard enthalpy change of solution

the enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mole of a solute dissolves in a solvent

define enthalpy change of hydration

enthalpy change that accompanies the dissolving of gaseous ions in water to from 1 mole of aq ions

definition of structural isomerism

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

define steroisomerism

have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of the atoms in space

what are the 2 types of stereoisomerism

E/Z isomerism optical isomerism

conditions for E/Z isomerism

only occurs in compounds with C=C bonds different groups attached to each carbon involved in the double bond steroisomerism that occurs around double bonds as structure of groups fixed in space

when is cis-trans used instead of E/Z

when at least 1 group attached to each carbon double bond must be the same

what is Z (trans) and what is E(cis) isomer

defintion, conditions of optical isomerism

same structural formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms such that the isomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. chiral centre present, lack of symmetrical

write shapes table

define average bond enthalpy

average enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous covalent bonds is broken

ORGANIC PATHWAYS Flashcards

(58 cards)