ORGANIC PATHWAYS Flashcards
How can you get a haloalkane
ALL conditions
- from alkane using halogen and UV light
- from alkene using hydrogen halide or halogen molecule
- from alcohol using sodium halide and H2SO4
How can you get an alkane
- from alkene using H2 and Ni catalyst
How can you get alkene
- from alcohol using conc H2SO4 and high heat
How can you get nitriles
- from refluxing haloalkane with NaCN + ethanol
How can you get amines
- from haloalkane using excess ethanolic ammonia and heat
- from nitrile using H2 and Ni catalyst
- from hydroxynitrile using LiAlH4 and dilute acid
How can you get alcohols
primary, secondary and tertiary
- from alkene using H2O(g), H3PO4 and high pressure
- from haloalkane, refluxing using dilute NaOH
- 2nd from ketone using aq NaBH4
- 1st from Aldehyde/carboxylic acid using aq NaBH4
how can you get ketones
- reflux using acidified K2Cr2O7 from 2nd alcohol
How can you get hydroxynitrile
- from ketone, using HCN
- from aldehyde, using HCN
How can you get aldehyde
- from primary alcohol, distilation using acidified K2Cr2O7
How can you get carboxylic acid
- refluxing aldehyde/primary alcohol using acidifed K2Cr2O7
- acid hydrolysing ester using dilute acid and heat
- hydrolysing nitrile/hydroxynitrile using reflux with dilute HCl
- from acyl chloride using cold water
How can you get sodium salt of carboxylic acid + alcohol
Name type of reaction
- from ester via alkaline hydrolysis using, reflux & NaOH
How can you get ester
- from alcohol using conc H2SO4 and carboxylic acid
- from carboxylic acid using alcohol and conc H2SO4
- from acyl chloride using alcohol
How can you get acyl chloride
- from carboxylic acid using SOCl2
How can you get primary and secondary amide
- get primary from acyl chloride using ammonia
- secondary from acyl chloride using primary amine
How can you get alkyl benzenes
what is reaction called
- from benzene using alkyl halide and halogen carrier
alkylation
how to get nitrobenzene
what is reaction called
- from benzene using nitric acid and sulfuric acid
nitration
How to get phenylamine
what is reaction called
- from nitrobenzene, using Sn and HCl
reducation
How to get halide benzene
- from benzene using halogen and halogen carrier
bromo phenol is a white PPt
How to get phenyl ester
- from benzene using halide ester and halogen carrier
How to get phenyl alcohol
- from phenyl ester using NaBH4
observations when Cu2+ reacts with little/excess dilute NaOH or little dilute ammonia
pale blue precipitate
[Cu(H2O)^2+ + 2OH- > [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O
observations when Cu2+ reacts with excess dilute ammonia
deep blue solution
[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 4NH3 > [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2] + 2OH- + 2H2O
observation of Cu2+ in solution
pale blue
[Cu(H2O)6]2+
observations of Fe2+ in solution
light green
[Fe(H2O)6]2+
observations of Cu2+ in carbonate solution
blue precipitate
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + CO3 2- > CuCO3 + 6H2O
observations of Fe2+ in litte/excess dilute NaOH or little/excess dilute ammonia or sodium carbonate solution
green precipitate
- [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH- > [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2H2O
- [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + CO3 2- > FeCO3 + 6H2O
obersavtions of Fe3+ in solution
pale yellow
[Fe(H2O)6]2+
observations of Fe3+ in little/excess dilute NaOH or little/excess dilute ammonia
brown precipitate
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- > [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O
observations of Fe3+ in sodium carbonate solution
brown precipitate & bubbles of gas evolved
2[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO 2- > 2[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O + 3CO2
observation of Mn2+ in solution
pale pink
Observations of Mn2+ in little/excess dilute NaOH and little/excess dilute ammonia
light brown precipitate
Mn2+ + 2OH- > Mn(OH)2
observations of Cr3+ in solution
violet
[Cr(H2O)6]3+
observations of Cr3+ in little dilute NaOH
grey-green precipitate
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- = [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O
observations of Cr3+ in excess dilute NaOH
dark green solution
[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3OH- = [Cr(OH)6]3- + 3H2O
observations of Cr3+ in little dilute amonia
grey green precipitate
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- = [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O
observations of Cr3+ in excess dilute amonia
purple violet solution
[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 6NH3 = [Cr(NH3)6]3+ + 3H2O + 3OH-
observations of Cr3+ in sodium carbonate solution
grey-green precipitate with gas bubbles evolved
2[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3CO3 2- = 2[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3] + 3H2O + 3CO2
How can you get nitro-phenol
what compounds of nitro phenol are produced
react phenol with HNO3
nitration
phenol 2,4 directing
How can you get bromo-phenol
what specific compound is produced
react phenol with Br2
bromination
2,4,6 bromo-phenol
How to get sodium phenoxide
react phenol with NaOH
neutralisation reaction
Name the 2,4 directing groups
NH2 (primary amine)
NHR (secondary amine)
NR2 (tertiary amine)
OH (phenol)
OR
R (alkyl group)
benzene ring
halogens
what are the 3 directing groups
RCOR (ketone)
COOR (ester)
SO3H
CHO (aldehydes)
COOH (carboxylic acid)
CN (nitrile)
NO2 (nitrate)
NR3 +
equation for entropy change
products - reactants
equation for entrapy
products - reactants
define lattice enthalpy
the enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of an ionic compound from its gaseous ions under standard conditions
define standard enthalpy change of atomisation
the enthalpy change that takes place for the formation of 1 mole of gaseous atoms from the element in its standard state under standard conditions
always an endothermic value as bond breaking is endothermic
define 1st electron affinity
the enthalpy change that takes place when 1 electron is added to each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1- ions
define standard enthalpy change of solution
the enthalpy change that takes place when 1 mole of a solute dissolves in a solvent
define enthalpy change of hydration
enthalpy change that accompanies the dissolving of gaseous ions in water to from 1 mole of aq ions
definition of structural isomerism
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
define steroisomerism
have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of the atoms in space
what are the 2 types of stereoisomerism
E/Z isomerism
optical isomerism
conditions for E/Z isomerism
only occurs in compounds with C=C bonds
different groups attached to each carbon involved in the double bond
steroisomerism that occurs around double bonds as structure of groups fixed in space
when is cis-trans used instead of E/Z
when at least 1 group attached to each carbon double bond must be the same
what is Z (trans) and what is E(cis) isomer
defintion, conditions of optical isomerism
same structural formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms such that the isomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
chiral centre present, lack of symmetrical
write shapes table
define average bond enthalpy
average enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous covalent bonds is broken
