amines, amino acids and polymers chp 27

Question 1

define amines

Answer 1

• organic compounds where 1 or more hydrogen atoms from ammonia group (NH3) is replaced with a carbon chain/ring
  ^derived from ammonia

Question 2

what’s the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary amines

Answer 2

Question 3

how can you name primary amines where the amine group is at the end of the molecule

Answer 3

• adding amine to the end of the nomenclature

Question 4

How would you name an primary, secondary, tertiary amine where the amine group is not attached to carbon-1

Answer 4

• (number of carbon anime attached to) amino
• e.g. 2-aminobutane

Question 5

what do amines act like during chemical reactions

Answer 5

• behave as bases as lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen can accept protons
  ^dative covalent bond formed

Question 6

How are amines defined as bases

Answer 6

• they neutralise acids to make salts

Question 7

How can primary amines be formed

what are conditions

Answer 7

• ammonia has lone pair on nitrogen so acts as nucleophile in substitution reaction with haloalkane
• product is ammonium salt
• alkali then added to generate primary amine from ammonium salt

ethanol and excess ammonia are conditions

Question 8

• what are the conditions needed for the formation of primary amines
• explain why they are needed

Answer 8

• ethanol used to prevents substitution of haloalkane by water to form alcohols
• excess ammonia used to reduce further substitutions of amine group to form secondary and tertiary amines

Question 9

explain the formation of secondary amines

Answer 9

• reacting primary amine with haloalkane to form ammonium salt, then reacting that with NaOH forms secondary amines

Question 10

explain formation of tertiary amines

Answer 10

• further reaction of secondary amines with haloalkane to produce an ammonium halide salt and then reacting it with NaOH

Question 11

how is phenylamine (aromatic amine) made

Answer 11

• nitrobenzene is heated under reflux with tin and HCl to form ammonium salt
• ^this then reacted with excess NaOH to produce aromatic amine

reduction reaction

Question 12

How can amino acids act as both bases and acids

Answer 12

• amino group can react with acids to form salts
• the carboxyl group can react with alkalis to from salts and alcohols to from esters

Question 13

what conditions are needed for amino acids to be esterfied

Answer 13

• heating with alcohol in presence of conc H2SO4

Question 14

how can amides be formed

Answer 14

• reactions of acyl chloride with ammonia and amines

Question 15

what are the differences between amides and amines

Answer 15

AMINES:

• derived from ammonia
• nitrogen atom bonded only to alkyl groups

AMIDE:

• derived from carboxylic acids
• nitrogen atom bonded to atleast 1 carbonyl group

Question 16

difference between primary, secondary and teritary amides

Answer 16

Question 17

in what type of molecules are optical isomers found

Answer 17

molecules that contain a chiral centre

Question 18

what type of polymerisation do esters and amides undergo

Answer 18

• condensation polymerisation

Question 19

what conditions must be met for condensation polymerisation

Answer 19

• the molecules undergoing polymerisation must contain 2 different functional groups

Question 20

what holds together polymers made from esters

Answer 20

• held together by ester linkages/bonds

Question 21

from which variety of monomers can polyesters be made from

Answer 21

• one monomer containing both carboxylic acid and alcohol
• 2 monomers, one containing 2 carboxylic acid and one containing 2 alcohol groups

Question 22

how are the ester bonds formed during the formation of the polyesters

Answer 22

Question 23

draw how amide linkages/bonds are formed from amino acids

Answer 23

Question 24

What 2 variety of monomers could be used for the formation of polyamides

Answer 24

• 1monomer containing both an amine group and a carboxylic acid/acyl chloride group
• 2 monomers, 1 with 2 amine groups, 1 with 2 carboxylic acids/acyl chloride groups

Question 25

why is used to hydrolyse polyesters and polyamides

Answer 25

• hot aqueous alkali or acid solutions

Question 26

what are the characteristics of addition polymerisation

Answer 26

• monomers contain C=C bond
• backbone of polymer is carbon chain

Question 27

what are the characteristics of condensation polymerisation

Answer 27

• contain ester or amide bonds
• can be formed from 2 monomers each with 2 functional groups
• can be formed from 1 monomer containing 2 different functional groups