Organic Molecules

Question 1

Histology

Answer 1

The study of microscopic structures of tissues.

Question 2

Cytology

Answer 2

The branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells.

Question 3

Organic Molecule Vs. Inorganic Molecule

Answer 3

Organic Molecules contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Inorganic Molecules contain only carbon atoms.

Question 4

Macromolecules

Answer 4

Large organic molecules are also called macromolecules.
Four types:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

Question 5

Monomer Vs. Polymer

Answer 5

Monomer: Molecule of any class of compound that can be bonded to form a polymer.
Polymer: Made up of many monomers joined together.

Question 6

Proteins(Macromolecule)

Answer 6

Made up of hundreds of amino acids (RCH(NH2)COOH).
Monomer: Amino Acids
Polymer: Polypeptides and peptides
Structure: Primary(sequence of amino acids), Secondary(sequences fold), Tertiary( multiple secondary sequences fold together), and Quaternary(multiple subunits).
Functions: Forms the structure of cells, muscle development

Question 7

Amino Acids(Monomer)

Answer 7

Amino Acids contain a: amino group (-NH2), an acid group (-COOH), R group.
Function: Break down food and repair body tissue.

Question 8

Peptide Bonds

Answer 8

Joins amino acids together. The carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of another amino acid.
Peptides: contains less than 50 amino acids.
Polypeptides: contains more than 50 amino acids.

Question 9

Nucleic Acids(Macromolecule)

Answer 9

Structure: Made up of nucleotides.
Monomer: nucleotides.
Polymer: Nucleic Acids.
Function: Carry genetic information.

Question 10

Nucleotides(Monomer)

Answer 10

Structure: Made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
Nucleotide chains: RNA, DNA, ATP
Nitrogenous bases:
Adenine (A) (Purine)
Guanine (G) (Purine)
Thymine (T) (Pyrimidine)
Cytosine (C) (Pyrimidine)
Uracil (U) (Pyrimidine)

Question 11

DNA

Answer 11

Structure: Double helix.
Made up of A-T base pairs and C-G base pairs.
Function: Carry genetic information.

Question 12

RNA

Answer 12

Structure: Single strand, fold back on itself to connect pairs.
Made up of A-U base pairs and G-C base pairs.
Types:
Messenger RNA: Information carrier in the manufacturing of proteins.
Transfer RNA: Assist in the manufacture of proteins.
Ribosomal RNA: form ribosomes

Question 13

ATP

Answer 13

Structure: Composed of an adenine base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups.
Function: Energy source used in chemical processes.

Question 14

Water

Answer 14

Structure: Two hydrogens and One oxygen.
Universal solvent: Compounds dissolve in water because it has both negative and positive charges.
Acid: A substance that when added to water increases its Hydrogen ion concentration.
Base: A substance that when added to water increases its Hydroxide ion concentration.

Question 15

Carbohydrates(Macromolecule)

Answer 15

Is sugars and starches.
Monomer: Monosaccaride
Polymer: Disaccaride & Polysaccaride.
Function: SHORT TERM ENERGY which is used to make ATP.
Types of Carbohydrates:
Glucose(C6H1206): Provides immediate energy
Glycogen: Polymer of glucose and provides short-term energy.

Question 16

Lipids(Macromolecule)

Answer 16

Is fats and oils.
Monomer: Glycerol and fatty acids.
Function: Provide insulation and long-term energy.
Properties: Do not dissolve well in water or blood.
Types:
Fatty acids
Glycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

Question 17

Fatty Acids(Monomer)

Answer 17

Structure: A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group (COOH).
Types:
Unsaturated: Double bond and are liquid at room temperature.
Saturated: Single bond and are solid at room temperature.
Function: Influence cell and tissue metabolism, function, and responsiveness to hormonal and other signals.

Question 18

Glycerides(Monomer)

Answer 18

Structure: Composed of glycerol molecules and fatty acids.
Function: Stores energy.
Branches: Monoglyceride, Diglyceride, Triglercide.

Question 19

Phospholipids

Answer 19

Structure:
Bearing head(Hydrophilic (loves water))(forms hydrogen bonds)
Fatty acid tail(Hydrophobic (hates water))(doesn’t form hydrogen bonds)
Properties: In a watery environment they form bilayers, liposomes, or micelles.
Function: A barrier to protect the cell.

Question 20

Steroids

Answer 20

Structure: Four-ringed backbone.
Function: Reduce inflammation.