Organic II Flashcards
Definition of NMR spec
analytical technique that allows the structure of a molecule to be determined by analysing bond & atom environments.
What is the environment of an atom
an atom depends on the surrounding atoms and bonds in the molecule.
Whats a chiral carbon
a carbon with four different groups bonded to it. (sometimes referred to as a ‘chiral centre’ or an ‘asymmetric carbon’). It will rotate plane polarised light in equal, opposite amounts.
What are stereoisomers?
molecules that have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space. (The two types of stereoisomerism are E-Z and optical)
What are optical isomers
- non-superimposable mirror images which rotate the plane of plane-polarised light in an equal amount but opposite directions.
What is plane polising light
light that oscillates in one plane.
What is a polarimeter used for?
can be used to measure the rotation of plane-polarised light (by enantiomers).
What are enantiomers?
optical isomers of the same molecule are referred to as enantiomers. - mirror images of each other
What is a racemic mixture?
(“racemate”) is a 50-50 mixture of the two enantiomers of an optical isomer. (Does not rotate the plane of plane-polarised light as the rotations cancel)
Whats a carbonyl compound?
aldehydes or ketones. The carbonyl group is C=O.
NOT CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
What is hydrolysis?
a reaction in which a compound is split apart in a reaction involving water.
Whats a condensation reaction?
the joining two molecules together via the removal of a small molecule (often water but not always).
