Organic functional groups

Question 1

Functional group?

Answer 1

Combination of atoms that generally give the compound

Or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reaction of a substance

Question 2

How are alcohols identified?

Answer 2

-OH hydroxyl group

Question 3

Features of primary alcohol?

Answer 3

• Identified by OH on end carbon atom
  Name always ends in ‘ol’.
  e.g Ethanol > CH3CH3OH

Question 4

Features of secondary alcohol?

Answer 4

-OH group but not the end on the emd carbis.
Name always end in an ol
CH3CH(OH)CH3

Question 5

Tertiary alcohols.

Answer 5

OH locate are near animals that need to jnow their position.

OH is located on a carbon to which there are three other carbon groups attached

Question 6

Dixhydroxy alchahols?

Answer 6

Two -OH groups never located on same carbon atom.
Locate -OH groups by
.
E.g CH2(OH)CH2(OH) > Ehandiole

Question 7

Trihydroxy alcohols?

Answer 7

Now 3-OH groups on carbon based compound.

Question 8

Ethers?

Answer 8

Characterised by R-O-R (R= Some hydrogen grouping).
Name comes from attached hydrocarbon groups.
Two of same hydrocarbon gives prefix ‘di
- Always name the smallest hydrocarbon

Organic oxides can be formed as a result of dehydration synthesis if an alcohol using a dehydrating agent like concentrated H2SO4

Question 9

Aldehydes?

Answer 9

Produced from primary alcohols.
characterised by carboxyl group on a terminal carbon.
-CHO OR C=O is the carboxyl group.
‘al’ suffix for aldehyde.
First part of name comes from number of C’s in chain followed by ‘al’ suffix.

Question 10

Ketones?

Answer 10

-Derived from secondary alcohols
C=O carbonyl group will appear on any non-end carbon.
Prefix is number of carbons, suffix is one from ketone.
As it’s not an a terminal caebon you cannot leave.
E.g CH3CH2COOOOOCHCH3

Question 11

Acids?

Answer 11

• Have -COOH carboxyl group
• Prefix comes from arbon chain and suffix ends in ‘oic’
  HCOOH methoic acid.

They are also oxidation products of aldehydes and the carboxyl group will always be on a terminal carbon atom

Question 12

Esters?

Answer 12

-COO- group
Ending is ‘roate’
Named by first name from carbon grouping in alcohol. Second name comes from ‘oic’/’smoke’.

They are formed from reaction called esterification where an alcohol is reacted with an acid to produce ester and water as products

Question 13

Amines?

Answer 13

• NH2 amine groups
• Characterised by R-NH2 (R=a hydrocarbon grouping).

Similar to alcohol
Primary amines NH2 group is at the end of the carbon atom

Question 14

Secondary amines?

Answer 14

• Two hydrocarbon groups attached to the -NH2 group.
  (CH3)02NH2
• Secondary anime always uses prefix ‘di’ or start with the smallest hydrocarbon fragment.

Question 15

Tertiary amines?

Answer 15

Three hydrocarbon groups attached to the -N group.

e.g. (CH3)3N >trimethyaoomine.

Question 16

Amides

Answer 16

• Similar to acids but -OH portion of -COOH group is replaced by -NH2 group.
• Naming: Identify carbon fragment, drop ‘e’ and add mine.
• CH3CONH2 > Ethanamide