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Chemistry Sem 2 test 1 > Intro to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Intro to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Homologeous series?

A

Family of organic chemicals

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2
Q

Functional group?

A

Group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a substance.

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3
Q

Aliphatic?

A

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.

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4
Q

Alicyclic?

A

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure.

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5
Q

IUPAC Nomenclature?

A

System of International Union of Pure and Applied chemistry for naming organic compounds.

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6
Q

Aromatic?

A

A hydrocarbon containing at least one benzene ring.

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7
Q

Saturated compound?

A

Contains single bonds only. (an’e’)

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8
Q

Haloalkane?

A

Alkane where at least one hydrogen is replaced by a halogen.

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9
Q

Features of Organic compounds?

A
  • Carbon based
  • Found in living organisms e.g amino acids
  • Used in industry e.g clothes.
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10
Q

What do you call the families of organic compounds?

A

Homologeous series

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11
Q

What’s the similarity and difference between family members of organic compounds?

A

All members of a family have the same functional group.

But they differ in length of their hydrocarbon chain.

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12
Q

What shows things are alkanes?

A

If they have an’e’ in the name. e.g methane

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13
Q

What shows things are alkenes?

A

If hey have en’e’ in the name. e.g. propene

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14
Q

What can organic compounds be classified as?

A

Aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic

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15
Q

What’s the formula for an Alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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16
Q

What’s the test for unsaturation? In other word’s the bromine test?

A
  1. Add bromine water to alkene
  2. Red colour disappears as bromine adds to double bond making it a single bond so saturated.
  3. Had to be un-saturated in first place as double bond had to be present for colour loss to occur so confirms alkene was unsaturated.
  4. If brown/red colour remains there was no double bond so it was un-saturated.
  5. All a test for a carbon to carbon double bond.
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17
Q

What’s the ‘stem’ of the name?

A

Main part of name - comes from longest carbon chain in compound.

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18
Q

What’s the ‘suffix’ of the name?

A

End of name - Identifies most important functional group e.g ‘one’ showing a substance is a ketone.

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19
Q

What’s the ‘prefix’ of the name?

A

Front of name - Identifies other functional groups

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20
Q

Process and rules of naming organic compounds?

A
  • Count the carbons along the chain so that functional group has lowest possible
  • The number of carbon atoms they are attached to is given
  • If there’s more than 1 functional group they are written in alphabetical order. e.g atoms or Actyl groups
21
Q

What does ‘ane’ mean?

A

Only carbon to carbon single bonds

22
Q

What does ‘ene’ mean?

A

Only carbon to carbon double bonds

23
Q

What are the code parts of names that equivalate to the number of carbons in the longest chain?

A 
meth - 1 carbon
eth - 2 carbons
prop - 3 carbons
but - 4 carbons
pent - 5 carbons
hex - 6 carbons
24
Q

What are Alkyl groups? And what’s their rule?

A

If you remove a hydrogen atom from an alkane family, you’ll get an alkyl group.
e.g Methane = CH4 but methyl = CH3
Ethane = CH3 CH3 but ethyl = CH3 CH2
Alkyl groups must always be attached to something else. Which is why you always see them added onto organic compounds. e.g (3-methyl)propen.

25
Q

Chemguide rules for naming organic compounds?

A
  • If more than one group added on like halogens or atoms. You put them in alphabetical order in the name of the compound e.g. 3-(e)thyl-2-(m)ethylhexane.
  • Always put groups on carbon via its number, but choose that carbon number from the end that means you can say a smaller number for the carbon the group is attached to. As the smaller the better when being put in a name. E.g. 2 - methylpentane has 5 carbons in the chain. But has methyl group on 2 carbon not 4 as it could go on either from either side of chain. Bu 2 is smaller so you do 2 for a smaller number in the name.
  • 2,3 - dimethylbutane. Means two methyl groups on two carbons. Carbons 2 and 3.
  • ‘Cyclo’ means carbons are joined in a ring.
  • 1 - ene means there’s a double carbon bond starting at carbon 1
  • Never forget to put the hydrogens in after you’ve worked the compound out
  • Each carbon needs to have 4 bonds for it to work.
  • If carbon is bonded to three of the same atom. Instead of drawing three lines you can just write the atom next t the carbon to represent the three bonds. As long as there aren’t any other bonds joining to them except carbon’s fourth bond. E.g CCl3 not three lines to Cl atoms.
  • You usually write halogens on right hand end of structures.
  • ‘ol’ in alcohol shows it has -OH
  • Aldehydes condensed write as -CHO
  • Aldehydes end in ‘al’
  • the carbon in the -CHO of aldehydes counts as one of the chain
  • Ketones are shown by ending in ‘one’ and have a carbon - oxygen double bond in the middle of the chain.
  • For adding on groups like ethyl you don’t add on CH3CH2 in one go. You add CH3 then draw a line for a bond and then have CH2 bonded to it.
  • Should be relatively easy to tell but, using periodic table you can see if name includes an atom instead of a different group so you know how to draw it. E.g bromo for 2-bromo-2-methypropane.
  • Unlike carbon atoms don’t need 4 bonds so you can just add them on. Atoms mainly used in halogen containing compounds.
  • maybe for safety as well as smallest number in name rule, count from left side of chain for alkenes and alkanes. And from the right side for everything else.
26
Q

What’s a displayed formula and how’s it different to an organic formula?

A

Displayed formula shows all positions and bonds between the atoms in a molecule.
It’s different to a compound’s formula
e.g Ethnoic acid - formula: CH3 COOH/ Displayed formula: Illustrated formula for the structure.

27
Q

Direction of solid lines in drawn structures of compounds?

A

In plane with - Direction of paper so sideways

28
Q

Direction of wedges in drawn structures of compounds?

A

Forewords out of plane pf page - in front coming towards you

29
Q

Direction of Dots in drawn structures of compounds?

A

Going out of back of paper - behind, away from you.

30
Q

What’s a symmetrical alkene? Example?

A

Has the same groups attached to each of the carbons in a double bond. Ethene is a symmetrical alkene as both carbons in double bond are attached to two hydrogens.

31
Q

What’s mirror plane symmetry? Example?

A

Structure with of which if we switched one of the methyl groups with a hydrogen, it would make the structure have a centre of two-fold rotational symmetry. E.g. but - 2 - ene.

32
Q

What are isomers? And what are their features?

A
  • Elements that have same general formula but different arrangements of atoms.
  • So they have different properties
  • Therefore different form’s of same thing.
33
Q

What’s a structural isomer?

A

Substances with same molecular formula but different structural formula.

34
Q

What are three types of structural isomers?

A
  1. Chain
  2. Positional
  3. Functional group.
35
Q

Where do chain isomers occur?

A

In all compounds with 4 or more carbons

36
Q

What are positional isomers?

A

Molecules with a carbon chain and functional groups.

But the functional groups are on different carbons within the chain. E.g. 1,2 - methyleth ect.

37
Q

What are functional group isomers? Example?

A

-Molecules that have same molecular formula but different functional groups.
-Means they belong to different organic families.
E.g. Propan(al) is an aldehyde/ Propan(one) (ketone)
They are from different organic families but have the same molecular formula: C3H6O.

38
Q

What causes stereoisomerism?

A

Caused by double or triple bonds.

39
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Compounds that have the same structural formula, but their arrangement in space is different,

40
Q

What can atoms rotate around? And how is it inhibited?

A

Atom’s can rotate around a single bond, however rotation is restricted around a double or triple bond.

41
Q

What are the two different ways of classifying geometric isomers?

A

E/Z and Cis/trans

42
Q

What’s E/Z classification?

A
  1. Applies priority to each group attached to a double bonded carbon.
  2. Compares position of those with highest priority.
  3. Extends when there is more than one functional group.
43
Q

What’s Cis/trans

A

Cis/trans isomerism will also show E/Z isomerism, but the opposite is not true. (Sort of understand it and pages on favourites to hep. But also see what Becky says in the lesson, also ask her to explain it if you want).

44
Q

What are all the formulas, prefixes and suffixes for all the functional groups.

A

Functional group ——Formula—prefix—–suffix
Alcahol -OH Hydroxy- ‘-ol’
Aldehyde -CHO ‘-al’
Alkane C-C ‘-ane’
Alkene C(c-double) ‘ene’
Carboxylic Acid -COOH ‘-oic acid’
Ester -COO- ‘-oate’
Haloakane -F,-Cl,-Br,-I Flouro-,chloro-,bromo-,iodo-
ketone C-OH-C ‘-one’

45
Q

What do carbon chains drawn in zigzag form show?

A

Same as original form but each zig zag corner is a carbon

46
Q

In diagrams groups like CH3 (for methyl) can be written as CH3 or drawn as three H’s joined to a C. Either one can be done so be careful when identifying them.

A

yeah.

47
Q

Difference between Cis and trans?

A 
Cis = Groups sit on same sides as carbon
Trans = Groups sit on opposite sides to carbon so form zigzag shape.
48
Q

How do you know which carbon to count from?

A

Count from either side of carbon chain to make to make the number in the names as small as possible.

Chemistry Sem 2 test 1 (4 decks)

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