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BIOL 381 > Organic Contaminants (Pesticides) > Flashcards

Organic Contaminants (Pesticides) Flashcards

1
Q

pest=

A

any organism that damages crops that are valuable to humans

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2
Q

weed=

A

any plant that competes with crops
(type of weed depends of type of crop)

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3
Q

T/F
categorization of organisms into categories “pest” or “weed” is subjective

A

true
eg. dandelion (they’re edible!), ladybug

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4
Q

pesticide=

A

a poison that targets pest organisms (usually a specific one)

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5
Q

herbicide=

A

a poison that kills weeds

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6
Q

insecticide=

A

a poison that kills insects

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7
Q

fungicides=

A

a poison that kills fungi

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8
Q

Here is a list of other pesticides. What would each of them kill?
1. acaricides
2. molluscicides
3. nematicides
4. rodenticides
5. avicides
6. piscicides
7. algicides
8. bactericides

A
  1. mites
  2. snails/ slugs
  3. nematodes
  4. rodents
  5. birds
  6. fish
  7. algae
  8. bacteria
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9
Q

Inorganic pesticides usually contain ___, ___, lead, or mercury and are highly ____ in terrestrial environments

A

arsenic, copper

persistent (and can be dispersed by wind/ water)

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10
Q

Give 2 examples of inorganic pesticides and explain
- what they’re made of
- what they’re used against

A
  1. Bordeaux Mixture
    - copper sulfate mixture
    - used as a fungicide for fruit and veggie crops
  2. Paris Green
    - copper and arsenic compound
    - used as a rodenticide and insecticide
    - was used in green paint, and was extremely toxic!
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11
Q

Give 3 examples of organic pesticides and explain them + provide an example

A
  1. Natural Organic Pesticides
    - extracted from plants
    - most are insecticides
    - examples: nicotine, caffeine
  2. Synthetic Organometallic Pesticides
    - mostly used as fungicides
    - example: methylmercury
  3. Phenols
    - fungicides, used as wood preservatives
    - example: pentachlorophenol (persistent organic pollutant, banned in north america)
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12
Q

biological pesticides are a type of ____ ___ that uses other ____ to remove/ kill pests

A

biological control

organisms

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13
Q

what’s a benefit of using biological pesticides?
Give an example of it’s use

A

doesn’t usually harm non-targeted organisms
eg. bacteria used to kill beetles/ flies/ butterflies

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14
Q

the highest household pesticide use is in ___ provinces

A

prairie

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15
Q

The federal government sets usage guidelines and licenses pesticides for use by ____ farms
BUT does not track total usage by ____

A

commercial

industry

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16
Q

Give 5 examples of diseases that have been successfully controlled/ eliminated thanks to pesticide use

A
  1. malaria
  2. yellow fever
    - west nile virus
    - plague
    - lyme disease
17
Q

For diseases spread by vectors, what’s the most effective way to control the disease? Give an example

A

remove the vectors!
- most are spread by insects –> kill them with insecticides
- remove breeding grounds for the vector

eg. DDT used to kill mosquitos to decrease the spread of malaria

18
Q

Modern agriculture is fairly dependent on pesticides production and profit, but even with pesticide use, North America loses __% of all food/ fiber crop production from pests

A

37%

19
Q

T/F

An estimated 99% of all canola is treated with herbicides to reduce weeds, and there is no pressure to use safe products

A

false

99% is regularly treated
BUT
there is also lots of pressure to use “safe” products

20
Q

What term does this define?
= genetically modified strains of crops that are resistant to ___, used to kill a wide range of weeds

A

Roundup Ready Crops

glyphosate

21
Q

what’s the benefit of using roundup ready crops?

A

the crop doesn’t die when the field is sprayed, only the weeds do

22
Q

what are 4 downsides of using roundup ready crops?

A
  1. non-target toxicity: spraying still affects other organisms, even if not our crops
  2. evolution of resistance by weeds (sometimes the crop & weed interbreed)
  3. economic monopoly on seeds by Monsanto
  4. roundup ready plant tissue may be toxic to surrounding organisms
23
Q

glyphosate is known to kill crops- what’s a solution?

A

make the crops resistant to glyphosate!
Can still spray the weeds
this is what roundup ready is

24
Q

pesticides often kill organisms other than their ____
Give 2 examples

A

targets

  1. carbofuran (now banned) and birds
  2. pesticides and honey bee colony collapse disorder
25
Q

Pesticides with ____ enter the food chain and bioaccumulate/ biomagnify
example=

A

organochlorines

ex= DDT (persistent organic pollutant, soluble in fats= it accumulates)

26
Q

Dutch Elm disease was treated with ___.
What was an indirect (negative) effect of this?

A

DDT

robins ate the beetles from the trees containing DDT –> their eggshells became very thin (high mortality)

27
Q

Describe the evolution of pesticide resistance in plants

A

pesticide is applied to plants that are being eaten by pests
- resistant pests survive and reproduce= more of the pests are resistant to the pesticide

We have to keep up by changing pesticides
= co-evolution! (Red Queen Hypothesis)

28
Q

What’s a solution to the evolution of pesticide resistance in plants?

A

Refugia

  • maintain a non-sprayed area where non-resistant pests can keep reproducing
  • they breed with the resistant pests –> keep the non-resistant gene going
29
Q

What is integrated pest management?

A

the use of multiple techniques to achieve long-term suppression of pests, including:
- bio-controls
- pest- resistant crops
- habitat alteration
- strategic use of pesticides

30
Q

give an example of habitat alteration (integrated pest management)

A

remove the diseased plant before it can spread

31
Q

As part of integrated pest management, there are 2 ways to use pesticides strategically:

A
  1. use them as a last resort! (don’t overuse)
  2. try to use botanically-derived compounds (generally less harmful)
32
Q

malaria was fought directly with ___, which is the reason we started using it

A

DDT

33
Q

T/F
Thanks to DDT, Malaria has been eradicated throughout the world

A

false
still a huge problem in places like Africa and South America

34
Q

what are 3 problems we’re seeing with mosquitoes and malaria?

A
  1. anti-malarial medication resistance is increasing
  2. insecticide resistance is increasing
  3. climate change is increasing mosquito
35
Q

Why is DDT resistance still increasing, even with very limited use of it?

A

because it’s a persistent organic pollutant (still around!), and we also use other pesticides that kill in the same way (becoming resistant to all of them)

36
Q

The bottom line is:
We need to use ___ pesticides with multiple modes of ___

A

pesticides
action

BIOL 381 (22 decks)

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