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chemistry > Organic compounds and polymerisation > Flashcards

Organic compounds and polymerisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the uses of alcohols

A
  • fuels
  • solvents
  • alcoholic drinks
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2
Q

What is the alcohol functional group

A

OH

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3
Q

What are the ways of making ethanol

A
  • hydration of ethene
  • fermentation of sugar
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4
Q

Advantages of the hydration of ethene

A
  • it produces a high yield of ethanol
  • 100% atom economy
  • can recycle in reacted products
  • continuous process
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5
Q

Disadvantages of the hydration of ethene

A
  • it requires a high temperature so needs a lot of energy which is expensive
  • it’s products are crude oil which is non renewable
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6
Q

How does fermentation produce ethanol

A

1) we start of with a sugar solution such as glucose then mix it with yeast
2) the yeast converts the sugar solutions to a solution of ethanol and carbon dioxide is also produced

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7
Q

Conditions of fermentation

A

Temperature: 30
The reaction must take place in anaerobic conditions
Catalyst: yeast

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8
Q

Advantages of fermentation

A
  • low temperature means that the reaction does not require lots of energy so it’s cheaper
  • the sugar comes form plants and is therefore renewable
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9
Q

Disadvantages of fermentation

A
  • the product is an aqueous solution of ethanol so we would have to purify the ethanol by distillation one that requires energy
  • batch process
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10
Q

Why can’t the temperature be too high in fermentation

A

The yeast would denature and stop working

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11
Q

Why can’t the temperature be too low in fermentation

A

The yeast would become inactive and the rate of reaction would slow down

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12
Q

Conditions of the hydration of ethene

A

Temperature: 300
Catalyst: concentrated phosphoric acid

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13
Q

Uses of ethanol

A
  • alcoholic drinks
  • hand sanitizers
  • perfumes
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14
Q

What type of process is fermentation

A

A batch process

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15
Q

What is a batch process

A

Where everything is mixed together in a reaction vessel and then left for several days

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16
Q

What type of process is hydration of ethene

A

Continuous process

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17
Q

What is a continuous process

A

Where a steam of a reactant is constantly passed over the catalyst

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18
Q

Characteristics of alcohols

A
  • soluble in water and produce neutral solutions, as the number of carbon atoms increase the solubility decreases
  • react with sodium to produce hydrogen and sodium ethoxide
  • burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water
  • are used as fuels and solvents
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19
Q

What does sodium and propanol make

A

Sodium propoxide and hydrogen ( when sodium reacts with an alcohol it always produces sodium and an alcohol-oxide and hydrogen)

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20
Q

What happens when ethanol reacts with an oxidising agent

A

It produces Ethanoic acid and water

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21
Q

Example of oxidising agent

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

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22
Q

What happens when alcohols react with oxidising agents

A

They produce a carboxylic acid and water

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23
Q

What do alcohols release when combusted

A

Energy

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24
Q

What does combusting an alcohol in air produce

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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25
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids

A

COOH

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26
Q

Characteristics of carboxylic acids

A
  • they dissolve in water to form weak acids
  • react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
  • react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to form esters
  • do not ionise fully in water
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27
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve it water

A

They produce a hydrogen ion and carboxylic acid- oate ion e.g ethanoic acid produces ethanoate ion and hydrogen ion ( these are reversible reactions)

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28
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak acids

A

As they can only partially ionise in aqueous solutions , this means that have a higher pH than strong acids

29
Q

What do carboxylic acids produce when they react with a metal carbonate

A

Carboxylic acid- oate ( a salt), carbon dioxide and water e.g ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate produces carbon dioxide, sodium ethanoate and water

30
Q

What is formed when we react an carboxylic acid with an alcohol

A

We form an ester and water ( reversible reactions)

31
Q

Why are esters useful

A

As they have a pleasant smell so are used in foods and perfumes

32
Q

What is the function group of an ester

A

COO

33
Q

What catalyst does the reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol require

A

Sulfuric acid

34
Q

What are esters

A

Volatile compounds

35
Q

What is the ester called formed from ethanol and ethanoic acid

A

Ethyl ethanoate

36
Q

What is addition polymerisation

A

When thousands of small identical molecules called monomers join together to form polymers

37
Q

What is a polymer

A

A large molecule made up of repeating units

38
Q

What is a monomer

A

A small reactive molecule that can be joined with other monomers to form long chains

39
Q

What are the two types of polymers

A
  • addition polymers
  • condensation polymer
40
Q

What are the monomers in addition polymerisation

A

Alkenes

41
Q

Difference between monomers and addition polymers

A

Monomers have a double carbon to carbon bond whilst the polymer has a single carbon to carbon bond

42
Q

How to we find the repeating unit of a polymer

A

We take out two carbon bonds of the polymer and place brackets around it and place a n next to the brackets

43
Q

Key points of addition polymers

A
  • the repeating unit has the same number of atoms as the monomer as no other molecule is formed in the reaction, so all the atoms that are in the monomer end up in the polymer
  • the repeating unit does not contain a carbon double bond
  • the percentage atom economy is 100%
44
Q

Difference between condensation polymers and addition polymers

A
  • in CP (condensation polymers) the monomers are not alkenes
  • in CP when the monomers react we lose small molecules
  • In CP we start with two different monomers with the same functional group
45
Q

What is condensation polymerisation

A

When monomers join together to form large polymer molecules and lose small molecules such as water

46
Q

What are diols

A

Molecules with two hydroxyl, OH (from alcohols) groups

47
Q

What are dicarboxylic acid

A

Molecules with two carboxyl, COOH, groups

48
Q

What happens when we react diols with dicarboxylic acids

A

Polyesters and water are formed

49
Q

how is a polyester formed

A

When two different monomers (dicarboxylic acid and diols) join together

50
Q

What is the displayed formula for glycine

A

. H
|
N - C - C =O
| |
H. O - H

51
Q

What is the functional group for amine

A

H
|
N
|
H

52
Q

What are the two functional groups for an amino acid

A

Amines and the carboxylic acid

53
Q

Why do amino acids react to form a condensation polymer

A

As they have two different functional groups

54
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

A polymer made from only one type of amino acid

55
Q

How are polypeptides formed

A

When amino acids join together to form polypeptides and water

56
Q

How are proteins formed

A

When we combine different amino acids into the same chain

57
Q

What is a peptide link

A

The bond formed between carboxyl groups and the amino acids group when amino acids join together

58
Q

Why do polymers have different properties

A

As different catalysts and read conditions are used to make them

59
Q

What is low density poly ethene used for

A

To make carrier bags

60
Q

What is high density poly ethene used for

A

To make plastic bottles

61
Q

What do the properties of a polymer depend on

A
  • what it’s made from
  • the conditions under which it was made
62
Q

What are thermosoftening polymers

A
  • Polymers that consists of individual polymer chains that are tangled together
  • have weak intermolecular forces between all of the polymer chains so soften when heated
63
Q

What are thermosetting polymers

A
  • polymers that consist of polymer chains that are joined together by cross links
  • do not melt when heated
64
Q

What are the monomers called that make up DNA

A

Nucleotides

65
Q

How many polymer chains are in DNA

A

Two

66
Q

What are the 4 types of nucleotides

A

C , G, A, T

67
Q

What shape is DNA

A

A double helix

68
Q

What are starch and cellulose polymers of

A

Glucose

chemistry (13 decks)

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