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chemistry > Organic compounds and polymerisation > Flashcards

Organic compounds and polymerisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the uses of alcohols

A
  • fuels
  • solvents
  • alcoholic drinks
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2
Q

What is the alcohol functional group

A

OH

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3
Q

What are the ways of making ethanol

A
  • hydration of ethene
  • fermentation of sugar
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4
Q

Advantages of the hydration of ethene

A
  • it produces a high yield of ethanol
  • 100% atom economy
  • can recycle in reacted products
  • continuous process
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5
Q

Disadvantages of the hydration of ethene

A
  • it requires a high temperature so needs a lot of energy which is expensive
  • it’s products are crude oil which is non renewable
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6
Q

How does fermentation produce ethanol

A

1) we start of with a sugar solution such as glucose then mix it with yeast
2) the yeast converts the sugar solutions to a solution of ethanol and carbon dioxide is also produced

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7
Q

Conditions of fermentation

A

Temperature: 30
The reaction must take place in anaerobic conditions
Catalyst: yeast

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8
Q

Advantages of fermentation

A
  • low temperature means that the reaction does not require lots of energy so it’s cheaper
  • the sugar comes form plants and is therefore renewable
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9
Q

Disadvantages of fermentation

A
  • the product is an aqueous solution of ethanol so we would have to purify the ethanol by distillation one that requires energy
  • batch process
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10
Q

Why can’t the temperature be too high in fermentation

A

The yeast would denature and stop working

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11
Q

Why can’t the temperature be too low in fermentation

A

The yeast would become inactive and the rate of reaction would slow down

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12
Q

Conditions of the hydration of ethene

A

Temperature: 300
Catalyst: concentrated phosphoric acid

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13
Q

Uses of ethanol

A
  • alcoholic drinks
  • hand sanitizers
  • perfumes
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14
Q

What type of process is fermentation

A

A batch process

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15
Q

What is a batch process

A

Where everything is mixed together in a reaction vessel and then left for several days

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16
Q

What type of process is hydration of ethene

A

Continuous process

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17
Q

What is a continuous process

A

Where a steam of a reactant is constantly passed over the catalyst

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18
Q

Characteristics of alcohols

A
  • soluble in water and produce neutral solutions, as the number of carbon atoms increase the solubility decreases
  • react with sodium to produce hydrogen and sodium ethoxide
  • burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water
  • are used as fuels and solvents
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19
Q

What does sodium and propanol make

A

Sodium propoxide and hydrogen ( when sodium reacts with an alcohol it always produces sodium and an alcohol-oxide and hydrogen)

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20
Q

What happens when ethanol reacts with an oxidising agent

A

It produces Ethanoic acid and water

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21
Q

Example of oxidising agent

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

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22
Q

What happens when alcohols react with oxidising agents

A

They produce a carboxylic acid and water

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23
Q

What do alcohols release when combusted

A

Energy

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24
Q

What does combusting an alcohol in air produce

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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25
What is the functional group for carboxylic acids
COOH
26
Characteristics of carboxylic acids
- they dissolve in water to form weak acids - react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide - react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to form esters - do not ionise fully in water
27
What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve it water
They produce a hydrogen ion and carboxylic acid- oate ion e.g ethanoic acid produces ethanoate ion and hydrogen ion ( these are reversible reactions)
28
Why are carboxylic acids weak acids
As they can only partially ionise in aqueous solutions , this means that have a higher pH than strong acids
29
What do carboxylic acids produce when they react with a metal carbonate
Carboxylic acid- oate ( a salt), carbon dioxide and water e.g ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate produces carbon dioxide, sodium ethanoate and water
30
What is formed when we react an carboxylic acid with an alcohol
We form an ester and water ( reversible reactions)
31
Why are esters useful
As they have a pleasant smell so are used in foods and perfumes
32
What is the function group of an ester
COO
33
What catalyst does the reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol require
Sulfuric acid
34
What are esters
Volatile compounds
35
What is the ester called formed from ethanol and ethanoic acid
Ethyl ethanoate
36
What is addition polymerisation
When thousands of small identical molecules called monomers join together to form polymers
37
What is a polymer
A large molecule made up of repeating units
38
What is a monomer
A small reactive molecule that can be joined with other monomers to form long chains
39
What are the two types of polymers
- addition polymers - condensation polymer
40
What are the monomers in addition polymerisation
Alkenes
41
Difference between monomers and addition polymers
Monomers have a double carbon to carbon bond whilst the polymer has a single carbon to carbon bond
42
How to we find the repeating unit of a polymer
We take out two carbon bonds of the polymer and place brackets around it and place a n next to the brackets
43
Key points of addition polymers
- the repeating unit has the same number of atoms as the monomer as no other molecule is formed in the reaction, so all the atoms that are in the monomer end up in the polymer - the repeating unit does not contain a carbon double bond - the percentage atom economy is 100%
44
Difference between condensation polymers and addition polymers
- in CP (condensation polymers) the monomers are not alkenes - in CP when the monomers react we lose small molecules - In CP we start with two different monomers with the same functional group
45
What is condensation polymerisation
When monomers join together to form large polymer molecules and lose small molecules such as water
46
What are diols
Molecules with two hydroxyl, OH (from alcohols) groups
47
What are dicarboxylic acid
Molecules with two carboxyl, COOH, groups
48
What happens when we react diols with dicarboxylic acids
Polyesters and water are formed
49
how is a polyester formed
When two different monomers (dicarboxylic acid and diols) join together
50
What is the displayed formula for glycine
. H | N - C - C =O | | H. O - H
51
What is the functional group for amine
H | N | H
52
What are the two functional groups for an amino acid
Amines and the carboxylic acid
53
Why do amino acids react to form a condensation polymer
As they have two different functional groups
54
What is a polypeptide
A polymer made from only one type of amino acid
55
How are polypeptides formed
When amino acids join together to form polypeptides and water
56
How are proteins formed
When we combine different amino acids into the same chain
57
What is a peptide link
The bond formed between carboxyl groups and the amino acids group when amino acids join together
58
Why do polymers have different properties
As different catalysts and read conditions are used to make them
59
What is low density poly ethene used for
To make carrier bags
60
What is high density poly ethene used for
To make plastic bottles
61
What do the properties of a polymer depend on
- what it’s made from - the conditions under which it was made
62
What are thermosoftening polymers
- Polymers that consists of individual polymer chains that are tangled together - have weak intermolecular forces between all of the polymer chains so soften when heated
63
What are thermosetting polymers
- polymers that consist of polymer chains that are joined together by cross links - do not melt when heated
64
What are the monomers called that make up DNA
Nucleotides
65
How many polymer chains are in DNA
Two
66
What are the 4 types of nucleotides
C , G, A, T
67
What shape is DNA
A double helix
68
What are starch and cellulose polymers of
Glucose

chemistry (13 decks)

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