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earths atmosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

what has scientist used to reconstruct what the earth used to be like

A

planets and their moons
gases trapped in ancient rocks

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2
Q

how was the early atmosphere formed

A

lots of intense volcanic activity, volcanoes released CO2, nitrogen and water vapour and these gases formed the early atmosphere

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3
Q

how were oceans formed

A

the water vapour condensed as the earth cooled down and fell as rain, the water was then collected in the crust as rocks solidified and it formed oceans

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4
Q

how were water supplies added to oceans

A

icy comets rained down on the surface as the earth and melted increasing it water supplies

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5
Q

what planets are was the earths early atmosphere similar to and why

A

venus and mars, as it consisted of mainly carbon dioxide with little or no oxygen gas and traces of nitrogen, ammonia, water vapour and methane

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6
Q

how much nitrogen is in the atmosphere

A

78%

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7
Q

how much oxygen is in the earths atmosphere

A

21%

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8
Q

when was the earth formed

A

4.6 billion years ago

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9
Q

how did oxygen levels rise in the earths atmosphere

A

2.7 billion years ago bacteria and other simple organisms formed
algae used energy from the sun to make their own food by photosythesis —— increased oxygen ——- more plants evolved , took CO2 from air released 02

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10
Q

what was the con of increased oxygen levels

A

some microorganisms died as they could not tolerate the high conc of 02 as they evolved without it

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11
Q

what removed C02 from atmosphere

A
  • oceans
  • photosynthesis
  • skeletons, shells and sedimentary rocks
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12
Q

how has photosynthesis removed CO2 from atmosphere

A

1) C02 and H20 taken in by plants which was converted into C6H1206 and 02 by photosynthesis
2) C in C6H1206 was stored in plants, when animals ate plants the C would be transferred to animal tissue including their skeletons and shells

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13
Q

how has skeletons, shells and sedimentary rocks removed CO2 from atmosphere

A
  • marine animals died and their shells and skeletons built at the bottom of oceans, then become covered in layers of fine sediment, these layers cause pressure and under the pressure sedimentary rocks are formed
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14
Q

how has oceans removed CO2 from the atmosphere

A
  • some of the CO2 gas dissolved in ocean as it reacted with metal oxides which made insoluble carbonate compounds and they fell into the seabed as sediment and helped form more carbonate rocks
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15
Q

how were fossil fuels formed

A

by the remains of animals and plants being crushed by large scale movements of the earth and it being heated by the earth

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16
Q

how was coal formed

A
  • it was formed from thick deposits of pant material when they died in swamps and compressed over million years
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17
Q

how was crude oil and natural gas formed

A

it was formed when the remains of plankton were deposited on the seabed, then covered by sediments ad compressed to form rocks, the crude oil and natural found trapped beneath the layers of rock

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18
Q

how was methane and ammonia removed from the atmosphere

A

any methane and ammonia found in the early atmosphere reacted with oxygen, this removed the methane and ammonia from the atmosphere

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19
Q

why is there a high level of nitrogen in the atmosphere

A

as nitrogen is an unreactive gas

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20
Q

main greenhouse gas

A

CO2, water vapour and methane

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21
Q

how much CO2 is in the atmosphere

A

0.04%

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22
Q

stages of the greenhouse gas effect

A

1) the energy from the sun travels to the earth as short wavelength radiation
2) some of the short wavelength radiation reflects back into space but most of it passes through the atmosphere as short wavelength radiation does not interact strongly with the gas molecules in the atmosphere
4) the energy of the radiation is absorbed when it reaches the surface of the earth
5) the surface of the earth radiates the energy as long wavelength radiation
6) some of the long wavelength radiation interacts with the greenhouse has molecules in the earth, so the energy in the long wavelength radiation is absorbed
7) as the energy is trapped into the atmosphere the bonds in the molecules of the gas vibrate more vigorously, increasing the temperature of the atmosphere

23
Q

why is the greenhouse effect important

A

it keeps the temp on earth warm enough to support life

24
Q

how does methane enter the atmosphere

A

by
- swamps
- rice fields
- decomposing waste of grazing cattle
- landfill site

25
Q

why is the levels of CO2 increasing

A
  • as the population keep cutting down trees for timbre and to clear land so CO2 is removed from the air
  • CO2 is becoming less soluble in water making oceans less effective to dissolve water
  • as we burn fossil fuels
26
Q

consequences of climate change

A

rising sea levels
extreme weather
changes in temperature and rainfall
wildlife

27
Q

why does climate change lead to rising sea levels

A
  • more ice caps and glaciers will melt due to warmer temperatures, expanding and warming oceans, this can increase the risk of floods in low lying land and coastal erosion
28
Q

consequences of changes in temperature and rainfall from climate change

A

it would impact food production in different regions, lead to dry areas becoming drier and change the distribution of animals

29
Q

consequences of wildlife from climate change

A

there would be a change in distribution of wildlife and some will eventually become extinct, and this change in climate will put the ecosystem under stress

30
Q

what is peer review

A

when evidence is shared between different scientists, which they can then criticise and decide whether its valid and prevent any false claims

31
Q

why is hard to understand climate change

A
  • as its complex and difficult to model
32
Q

what uncertainties are there in climate change

A
  • the uncertainty of how much the temp of the atmosphere will increase
33
Q

what is the carbon footprint

A

the total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product, service or event

34
Q

how to reduce carbon emissions

A
  • insulating our homes or turning down the heating we can reduce carbon dioxide emissions
  • pump CO2 produced in fossil fuel power stations underground so it can be absorbed into porous rocks (this is the carbon, capture and storage scheme)
  • using public transport
  • switch to energy saving light bulbs
35
Q

problems with reducing carbon emissions

A
  • the solutions are expensive and people are reluctant to pay
  • sometimes they are inconvenient
36
Q

how to reduce methane emissions

A
  • reducing the demands for beef and dairy products, people wont change their diets
  • trapping the methane in landfill and burning it to produce electricity, however this costs money
37
Q

how to reduce carbon footprint

A

everything i said about reducing carbon and methane emissions

38
Q

problems with reducing carbon footprint

A
  • reducing greenhouse gas emissions will increase the cost in all manufacturing and transport industries
  • developing countries will find it harder to reduce their use of fossil fuels
39
Q

why are biofuels carbon neutral

A

as they are made form plant material that absorbs CO2 during photosynthesis which returns to the atmosphere when burnt

40
Q

what do fuels do

A

they reease energy when combusted

41
Q

pollutants from fuels

A

sulfur dioxide
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
nitrous oxide
particulates

42
Q

what is required for complete combustion to occur

A

plenty of oxygen

43
Q

what is formed in complete combustion

A

carbon dioxide

44
Q

what is formed in incomplete combustion

A

carbon monoxide

45
Q

how is carbon monoxide produced

A

when there is no enough oxygen in an engine , so incomplete combustion occurs, turn the carbon into carbon monoxide

46
Q

why is carbon monoxide dangerous

A
  • its a colourless, odourless, toxic gas
  • when inside your body your red blood cells carry it around your body instead of oxygen and the CO take up the sites on the haemoglobin, this can cause a person to be starved of oxygen, get frowsy, lose consciousness and die
47
Q

how is sulfur dioxide produced

A

when the sulfur reacts with oxygen to become sulfur dioxide when a fossil fuel is burnt

48
Q

why is sulfur dioxide dangerous

A
  • its a toxic gas and can cause acid rain which damages buildings and trees and kills animals and
49
Q

how is sulfur dioxide prevented

A
  • sulfur impurities are removed from the fuel before the fuel is burnt and can also be removed from waste by reacting it with calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide
50
Q

how is nitrous oxide formed

A

when in high temperature temperatures allow unreactive nitrogen gas to react with oxygen

51
Q

why is nitrous oxide dangerous

A
  • its toxic, can trigger peoples asthma and can cause acid rain
52
Q

how are particulates formed

A

when diesel engines burn hydrocarbons with bigger molecules and these bigger molecules react with oxygen in an engine and do not burn completely forming tiny solid particles containing hydrocarbons called particulates

53
Q

why are particulates dangerous

A
  • they can travel in the upper atmosphere, reflecting the sunlight back into space causing global dimming

chemistry (13 decks)

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