Organic Chemsistry 2 Flashcards
Acid hydrolysis of esters:
Ester + H2O —–>
Carboxylic acid + ethanol
You need to reflux ester with dilute acid
Base hydrolysis of esters:
Ester + OH- ——>
Carboxylate ion + alcohol
Reaction is done under reflux
Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes:
Alcohol —-> aldehyde + H2O —-> carboxylic acid
Acidified potassium dichromate is used
Hydrolysis of nitriles
Nitrile + H2O + HCl —-> carboxylic acid + NH4Cl
Reflux of nitrile is required
Neutralisation of carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acid + NaOH —> salt ( sodium ethanoate) + H2O
Acyl Chlorides and Amines
Acyl chloride + Amine —> N-substituted amides + HCl
Acyl chloride and alcohol
Acyl chloride + alcohol —-> ester + HCl
Acyl chloride and water
Acyl chloride + H2O —-> carboxylic acid + HCl
Acyl chloride and concentrated ammonia
Acyl chloride + Conc. Ammonia –> amide + HCl
Carboxylic acids reacting with metals
Carboxylic acid + sodium—> salt ( sodium ethanoate ) + H2
Carboxylic acids reacting with carbonates or hydrocarbonates
Carboxylic acid + carbonate —> salt + H2O + CO2
Heating carboxylic acid with alcohol
Carboxylic acid + alcohol —> ester + H2O
Acid catalyst used ( conc. H2SO4 ) reversible reaction
Reduction of carboxylic acids
Reduce carboxylic acid using LiAlH4 in Dry Ether to form a primary alcohol
Carboxylic acid—-> primary alcohol
Carboxylic acids reacting with PCl5
Carboxylic acid + PCl5 —-> acyl chloride + POCl3 + HCl
Reacting an acid anhydride with an alcohol
Acid anyhydride + alcohol —> ester + carboxylic acid
What is a racemic mixture
It contains equal amounts of each enantiomer of a chiral compound
Why don’t racemic mixtures rotate plane of polarised light?
This is because the two enatiomers cancel each other’s light rotating affect
Why do chemists react 2 achiral mixtures together
So they can get a racemic mixture of a chiral product
So when they react there’s an equal chance of forming each enantiomer
Why do carboxylic acids have high boiling points
They exhibit all 3 intermolecular forces
They can dimerise- meaning that they double the size if the molecule therefore increasing London forces between itself and neighbour
Solubility of carboxylic acids
Small carboxylic acids have the ability to hydrogen bond with water
Increase in mass= decrease in solubility
Solubility of carboxylic acids decreases as length of carbon chain increases. As hydrocarbon chains cannot form H bonds with water
Why are optical isomers optically active
Because they can rotate the plane of polarisation of plane polarised light
