Organic Chemistry Terms Flashcards
Learn and memorize the terms used in chapter 10 of Chemistry SL
Saturated
Compounds which contain only single bonds (Ex. Alkanes)
Unsaturated
Compounds which contain double or triple bonds (Ex. Alkenes, arenes)
Aliphatic
Compounds which do not contain a benzene ring: may be saturated or unsaturated
Arenes
Compounds which contain a benzene ring: they are all unsaturated compounds (Ex. Benzene, phenol)
Electrophile (electron-seeking)
An electron-deficient species which is therefore attracted to parts of molecules which are electron rich
Electrpphiles are positive ions or have partial positive charge
(Ex. NO2+, H+, Br)
Nucleophile (nucleus-seeking)
An electron-rich species which is therefore attracted to parts oof molecules which are electron deficient
Nucleophiles have a lone pair of electrons and may also have a negative charge
(Ex. Cl-, OH-, NH3)
*Diagram in textbook pg 306
Addition reaction
occurs when two reactants combine to form a sing;e product
Characteristic of unsaturated compounds
Ex. C2H4 + Br2 = C2H4Br2
*Diagram and proper notation in the textbook on page 306
Substitution Reaction
Occurs when one atom or group of atoms in a compound is replaced by a different atom or group
Characteristic of saturated compounds and aromatic compounds
Ex. CH4 + Cl2 = CH3Cl + HCL
*Proper notation on pg 306
Addition-elimination reaction (Condensation reaction)
Occurs when two reactants join together (addition) and in the process a small molecule such as H2O, HCl, or NH3 is lost (elimintation)
Reactants occurs between a functional group in each reactant
Ex. ROH + R’COOH = R’COOH +H2O
*Proper notation and a diagram in the text book on pg 307
Homolytic Fission
Is when a covalent bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of electrons between the two products
Produces two free radicals, each with an unpaired electron
*Diagram on pg 307
Heterolytic Fission
Is when a covalent bond breaks with both the shared electrons going to one of the products
Produces two oppositely charged ions
*Diagram on pg 307
Homologous Series
The members of a homologous series are apart of the same family. The members of a homologous series share common features
Alkanes
Differing by CH2 groups.
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane
Empirical Formula
Simplest whole number ratio of the atoms in contains
Molecular formula
The compound is the actual number of atoms of each element present in the molecule
Structural Formula
Representation of the molecule showing how the atoms are bonded to each other
Full structual formula
Show every atom and bond, angles
Condensed structural formula
Often omits bonds where they can be assumed, and groups atoms together. Contains the minimum information needed to describe the atom non-ambiguously
Stereochemical formula
attemps to show the realtive positions of atoms and groups around in three dimensions. The convention is that a bond sticking forwards from the page is shown as a solid, enlarging wedge, whereas a bond sticking behind the page is shown as a hashed line…
*More is the textbook on pg 312
*Diagram/table in text on pg 312
What is the first step in naming am organic compound using the IUPAC system?
Identifying the longest straight chain of carbon atoms. This gives the tem of the name, (Ex. Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, But-, Pent-, Hex-…)
What is the second step in naming am organic compound using the IUPAC system?
Identify the functional group
Functional Group
a specific group of atoms or bonds within a compound that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that compound
What does the number infront or in the middle of a name indicate?
Which carbon the functional group is attached to
What is the third step in naming am organic compound using the IUPAC system?
Identify the side chains
What is the name for an alkane side group?
Methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc
What is a halogenoalkane?
Fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
What is the prefix for an amine being used as a subsituent?
Amino-
Structural isomers
Different arrangement of same atoms
(ex. C4H10 can be drawn as butane and 2-methylpropane)
