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chemistry for healthcare > organic chemistry review > Flashcards

organic chemistry review Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the simplest alkane compound

A

methane group

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2
Q

which atom in an alkane is capable of forming 4 bonds?

A

carbon

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3
Q

which atom can only form 1 bond?

A

hydrogen

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4
Q

what happens to the number of carbon atoms in each compound as you proceed down the list of the chain alkanes

A

increase by 1

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5
Q

what happens to the number of hydrogen atoms in each compound as you proceed down the list of the chain alkanes

A

increase by 2

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6
Q

which of the following alcohol would be most soluble in water
1. ethanol
2. 1-octanol
3. 1-pentanol
4. 1-hexanol
5. 1-heptanol

A

ethanol

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7
Q

what kind of bonds do alcohols form between individual molecules

A

oxygen atoms

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8
Q

write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion reaction of pentane (C5H12)

A

C5H12 + 8O2 –> 6H2O + 5O2 + energy

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9
Q

in water solution, how does dilute acetic acid behave

A

as a weak acid

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10
Q

many of the fragrances of flowers and the flavors of fruits are due to what?

A

esters

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11
Q

the reactants that will form an ester in the presence of an acid catalyst are

A

a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

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12
Q

what is the splitting apart of an ester in the presence of a strong acid and water called

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

what is the reaction of an ester with NaOH known as

A

saponification

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14
Q

what happens to water solubility as chain length increases in carboxylic acids

A

it decreases

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15
Q

what are lipids soluble in

A

other non polar solvents

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16
Q

what does a polyunsaturate double bond contain more of

A

double bonds

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17
Q

why do unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than saturated fatty acids

A

the cis double bonds give them an irregular shape

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18
Q

what are liquid vegetable oils converted to solid fats by

A

hydrogenation

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19
Q

why can a fatty acid salt act as a soap to remove grease

A

the non polar tails of the salt dissolve in the grease and the polar salt ends dissolve in water

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20
Q

what are the properties of organic compounds?

A
  1. have covalent bonds
  2. have low melting points and boiling points
  3. are flammable and undergo combustion
  4. are not soluble in water
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21
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon

22
Q

what are saturated hydrocarbons

A

contain only single bonds

23
Q

what is the property of alkanes with 1-4 carbons at room temperature

A

gases

24
Q

what is the property of alkanes with 5-8 carbons at room temperature

A

liquids (highly volatile which makes them good fuels)

25
Q

what is the property of alkanes with 9-17 carbons at room temperature

A

liquids with higher boiling points

26
Q

what is the property of alkanes with 18+ carbons at room temperature

A

waxy solids (for example vaseline has 25 carbon atoms)

27
Q

describe cis isomers

A

alkyl groups are attached to the same side of the double bond & hydrogen atoms are on the other side

28
Q

describe trans isomers

A

the groups and hydrogen atoms are attached on opposite sides of the double bond

29
Q

what happens in a hydration reaction

A

alkene reacts with water to form an alcohol

30
Q

describe the structure of alcohol

A

contains a hydroxyl group (-OH)

31
Q

describe the structure of phenol

A

hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a benzene ring

32
Q

describe the structure of thiol

A

contain a -SH group

33
Q

describe the structure of ether

A

contain a C-O-C group

34
Q

when does dehydration happen to an alcohol

A

when heated with an acid catalyst

35
Q

what is the product of alcohol dehydration

A

alkene + water

36
Q

describe the solubility of alcohols

A

1-3 carbons = soluble
4 carbons = slightly soluble
5+ carbons = insoluble

37
Q

describe the polarity of alcohol

A

contain polar -OH groups and form hydrogen bonds with other alcohol molecules and with water

38
Q

what functional group has a strong and disagreeable odor

A

thiols

39
Q

what functional group is used as anesthesia

A

ethers

40
Q

what is the functional group of ketones and aldehydes?

A

carbonyl group (consists of a carbon-oxygen polar double bond)

41
Q

describe the polarity of ketones and aldehydes in water

A

1-4 carbons = soluble
5 carbons = slightly soluble
6+ carbons = insoluble

42
Q

what do aldehydes and ketones form when bonding to water?

A

form hydrogen bonds with water molecules between the carbonyl oxygen and hydrogen atoms on water molecules

43
Q

describe the structure of carboxylic acids

A

carboxyl group

44
Q

what are carboxylate salts often used for?

A

preservatives and flavor enhancers in soups and seasonings

45
Q

describe the polarity of carboxylic acids

A

strongly polar (b/c they have two polar groups – hydroxyl group and carbonyl group)

46
Q

describe the solubility of carboxylic acids in water

A

1-5 carbons = soluble
6 carbons and benzoic acid = slightly soluble

47
Q

are carboxylic acids weak or strong acids

A

weak b/c they ionize in water to produce carboxylate ions and hydronium ions

48
Q

what are carboxylic acids salts the product of?

A

product of the neutralization of a carboxylic acid with a strong base

49
Q

describe the properties of carboxylic acid salts

A
  1. ionic compounds with strong attractive forces
  2. are solid @ room temperature
  3. have high melting points
  4. are usually soluble in water
50
Q

what are esters the product of?

A

the synthesis from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol

51
Q

define esterification

A

the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst and heat to produce an ester

chemistry for healthcare (3 decks)

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