organic chemistry review

Question 1

what is the simplest alkane compound

Answer 1

methane group

Question 2

which atom in an alkane is capable of forming 4 bonds?

Answer 2

carbon

Question 3

which atom can only form 1 bond?

Answer 3

hydrogen

Question 4

what happens to the number of carbon atoms in each compound as you proceed down the list of the chain alkanes

Answer 4

increase by 1

Question 5

what happens to the number of hydrogen atoms in each compound as you proceed down the list of the chain alkanes

Answer 5

increase by 2

Question 6

which of the following alcohol would be most soluble in water
1. ethanol
2. 1-octanol
3. 1-pentanol
4. 1-hexanol
5. 1-heptanol

Answer 6

ethanol

Question 7

what kind of bonds do alcohols form between individual molecules

Answer 7

oxygen atoms

Question 8

write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion reaction of pentane (C5H12)

Answer 8

C5H12 + 8O2 –> 6H2O + 5O2 + energy

Question 9

in water solution, how does dilute acetic acid behave

Answer 9

as a weak acid

Question 10

many of the fragrances of flowers and the flavors of fruits are due to what?

Answer 10

esters

Question 11

the reactants that will form an ester in the presence of an acid catalyst are

Answer 11

a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

Question 12

what is the splitting apart of an ester in the presence of a strong acid and water called

Answer 12

hydrolysis

Question 13

what is the reaction of an ester with NaOH known as

Answer 13

saponification

Question 14

what happens to water solubility as chain length increases in carboxylic acids

Answer 14

it decreases

Question 15

what are lipids soluble in

Answer 15

other non polar solvents

Question 16

what does a polyunsaturate double bond contain more of

Answer 16

double bonds

Question 17

why do unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than saturated fatty acids

Answer 17

the cis double bonds give them an irregular shape

Question 18

what are liquid vegetable oils converted to solid fats by

Answer 18

hydrogenation

Question 19

why can a fatty acid salt act as a soap to remove grease

Answer 19

the non polar tails of the salt dissolve in the grease and the polar salt ends dissolve in water

Question 20

what are the properties of organic compounds?

Answer 20

1. have covalent bonds
2. have low melting points and boiling points
3. are flammable and undergo combustion
4. are not soluble in water

Question 21

what are hydrocarbons

Answer 21

organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon

Question 22

what are saturated hydrocarbons

Answer 22

contain only single bonds

Question 23

what is the property of alkanes with 1-4 carbons at room temperature

Answer 23

gases

Question 24

what is the property of alkanes with 5-8 carbons at room temperature

Answer 24

liquids (highly volatile which makes them good fuels)

Question 25

what is the property of alkanes with 9-17 carbons at room temperature

Answer 25

liquids with higher boiling points

Question 26

what is the property of alkanes with 18+ carbons at room temperature

Answer 26

waxy solids (for example vaseline has 25 carbon atoms)

Question 27

describe cis isomers

Answer 27

alkyl groups are attached to the same side of the double bond & hydrogen atoms are on the other side

Question 28

describe trans isomers

Answer 28

the groups and hydrogen atoms are attached on opposite sides of the double bond

Question 29

what happens in a hydration reaction

Answer 29

alkene reacts with water to form an alcohol

Question 30

describe the structure of alcohol

Answer 30

contains a hydroxyl group (-OH)

Question 31

describe the structure of phenol

Answer 31

hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a benzene ring

Question 32

describe the structure of thiol

Answer 32

contain a -SH group

Question 33

describe the structure of ether

Answer 33

contain a C-O-C group

Question 34

when does dehydration happen to an alcohol

Answer 34

when heated with an acid catalyst

Question 35

what is the product of alcohol dehydration

Answer 35

alkene + water

Question 36

describe the solubility of alcohols

Answer 36

1-3 carbons = soluble 4 carbons = slightly soluble 5+ carbons = insoluble

Question 37

describe the polarity of alcohol

Answer 37

contain polar -OH groups and form hydrogen bonds with other alcohol molecules and with water

Question 38

what functional group has a strong and disagreeable odor

Answer 38

thiols

Question 39

what functional group is used as anesthesia

Answer 39

ethers

Question 40

what is the functional group of ketones and aldehydes?

Answer 40

carbonyl group (consists of a carbon-oxygen polar double bond)

Question 41

describe the polarity of ketones and aldehydes in water

Answer 41

1-4 carbons = soluble 5 carbons = slightly soluble 6+ carbons = insoluble

Question 42

what do aldehydes and ketones form when bonding to water?

Answer 42

form hydrogen bonds with water molecules between the carbonyl oxygen and hydrogen atoms on water molecules

Question 43

describe the structure of carboxylic acids

Answer 43

carboxyl group

Question 44

what are carboxylate salts often used for?

Answer 44

preservatives and flavor enhancers in soups and seasonings

Question 45

describe the polarity of carboxylic acids

Answer 45

strongly polar (b/c they have two polar groups -- hydroxyl group and carbonyl group)

Question 46

describe the solubility of carboxylic acids in water

Answer 46

1-5 carbons = soluble 6 carbons and benzoic acid = slightly soluble

Question 47

are carboxylic acids weak or strong acids

Answer 47

weak b/c they ionize in water to produce carboxylate ions and hydronium ions

Question 48

what are carboxylic acids salts the product of?

Answer 48

product of the neutralization of a carboxylic acid with a strong base

Question 49

describe the properties of carboxylic acid salts

Answer 49

1. ionic compounds with strong attractive forces 2. are solid @ room temperature 3. have high melting points 4. are usually soluble in water

Question 50

what are esters the product of?

Answer 50

the synthesis from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol

Question 51

define esterification

Answer 51

the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst and heat to produce an ester