organic chemistry review Flashcards
what is the simplest alkane compound
methane group
which atom in an alkane is capable of forming 4 bonds?
carbon
which atom can only form 1 bond?
hydrogen
what happens to the number of carbon atoms in each compound as you proceed down the list of the chain alkanes
increase by 1
what happens to the number of hydrogen atoms in each compound as you proceed down the list of the chain alkanes
increase by 2
which of the following alcohol would be most soluble in water
1. ethanol
2. 1-octanol
3. 1-pentanol
4. 1-hexanol
5. 1-heptanol
ethanol
what kind of bonds do alcohols form between individual molecules
oxygen atoms
write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion reaction of pentane (C5H12)
C5H12 + 8O2 –> 6H2O + 5O2 + energy
in water solution, how does dilute acetic acid behave
as a weak acid
many of the fragrances of flowers and the flavors of fruits are due to what?
esters
the reactants that will form an ester in the presence of an acid catalyst are
a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
what is the splitting apart of an ester in the presence of a strong acid and water called
hydrolysis
what is the reaction of an ester with NaOH known as
saponification
what happens to water solubility as chain length increases in carboxylic acids
it decreases
what are lipids soluble in
other non polar solvents
what does a polyunsaturate double bond contain more of
double bonds
why do unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than saturated fatty acids
the cis double bonds give them an irregular shape
what are liquid vegetable oils converted to solid fats by
hydrogenation
why can a fatty acid salt act as a soap to remove grease
the non polar tails of the salt dissolve in the grease and the polar salt ends dissolve in water
what are the properties of organic compounds?
- have covalent bonds
- have low melting points and boiling points
- are flammable and undergo combustion
- are not soluble in water
what are hydrocarbons
organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon
what are saturated hydrocarbons
contain only single bonds
what is the property of alkanes with 1-4 carbons at room temperature
gases
what is the property of alkanes with 5-8 carbons at room temperature
liquids (highly volatile which makes them good fuels)
what is the property of alkanes with 9-17 carbons at room temperature
liquids with higher boiling points
what is the property of alkanes with 18+ carbons at room temperature
waxy solids (for example vaseline has 25 carbon atoms)
describe cis isomers
alkyl groups are attached to the same side of the double bond & hydrogen atoms are on the other side
describe trans isomers
the groups and hydrogen atoms are attached on opposite sides of the double bond
what happens in a hydration reaction
alkene reacts with water to form an alcohol
describe the structure of alcohol
contains a hydroxyl group (-OH)
describe the structure of phenol
hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a benzene ring
describe the structure of thiol
contain a -SH group
describe the structure of ether
contain a C-O-C group
when does dehydration happen to an alcohol
when heated with an acid catalyst
what is the product of alcohol dehydration
alkene + water
describe the solubility of alcohols
1-3 carbons = soluble
4 carbons = slightly soluble
5+ carbons = insoluble
describe the polarity of alcohol
contain polar -OH groups and form hydrogen bonds with other alcohol molecules and with water
what functional group has a strong and disagreeable odor
thiols
what functional group is used as anesthesia
ethers
what is the functional group of ketones and aldehydes?
carbonyl group (consists of a carbon-oxygen polar double bond)
describe the polarity of ketones and aldehydes in water
1-4 carbons = soluble
5 carbons = slightly soluble
6+ carbons = insoluble
what do aldehydes and ketones form when bonding to water?
form hydrogen bonds with water molecules between the carbonyl oxygen and hydrogen atoms on water molecules
describe the structure of carboxylic acids
carboxyl group
what are carboxylate salts often used for?
preservatives and flavor enhancers in soups and seasonings
describe the polarity of carboxylic acids
strongly polar (b/c they have two polar groups – hydroxyl group and carbonyl group)
describe the solubility of carboxylic acids in water
1-5 carbons = soluble
6 carbons and benzoic acid = slightly soluble
are carboxylic acids weak or strong acids
weak b/c they ionize in water to produce carboxylate ions and hydronium ions
what are carboxylic acids salts the product of?
product of the neutralization of a carboxylic acid with a strong base
describe the properties of carboxylic acid salts
- ionic compounds with strong attractive forces
- are solid @ room temperature
- have high melting points
- are usually soluble in water
what are esters the product of?
the synthesis from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol
define esterification
the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst and heat to produce an ester
