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A-Level Chemistry > Organic Chemistry: Reactions and Synthesis > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry: Reactions and Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we convert an alkene into an alkane? How much hydrogen do we need?

A

Add hydrogen. You need one hydrogen molecule for each double bond present.

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2
Q

What is the reaction from an alkene to an alkane called?

A

Hydrogenation.

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3
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction from an alkene to an alkane?

A

A temperature of 150°C and a Nickel catalyst.

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4
Q

How do we convert a haloalkane into an alkane?

A

Add a hydrogen halide so the halogen is replaced by a hydrogen.

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5
Q

How do we convert an alkane into an alkene? How much hydrogen do we get?

A

Remove hydrogen and you’ll get one molecule of hydrogen for each double bond created.

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6
Q

What is the reaction from an alkane to an alkene called?

A

Dehydrogenation.

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7
Q

What is the reaction from an alkane to a haloalkane called?

A

Free radical substitution.

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8
Q

How do we convert an alkane into a haloalkane?

A

Substitute one hydrogen for one halogen.

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9
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction from an alkane into a haloalkane.

A

UV light.

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10
Q

What are the three steps for Free Radical Substitution?

A

Initiation, Propagation and Termination

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11
Q

What happens in initiation in Free Radical Substitution? What is this process called?

A

UV light splits up two halogens into radicals. This is called homolytic fission.

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12
Q

What happens in termination in Free Radical Substitution?

A

Any two free radicals combine to make a stable molecule.

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13
Q

How do we convert an alcohol into an alkene?

A

Eliminate water from the alcohol.

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14
Q

What is the reaction from an alcohol to an alkene called?

A

Dehydration.

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15
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction from an alcohol to an alkene?

A

Catalyst of concentrated H₂SO₄

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16
Q

How do we convert a haloalkane into an alkene?

A

Remove the halogens from the haloalkane to make an alkene.

17
Q

What is the reaction from a haloalkane to an alkene called?

A

Dehalogenation.

18
Q

How do we convert an alkene into an alcohol?

A

Add water to the alkene.

19
Q

What is the reaction from an alkene to an alcohol called?

A

Hydration.

20
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction from an alkene to an alcohol?

A

Steam at 300°C with concentrated phosphoric acid

21
Q

How do you convert an alkene into a haloalkane?

A

Add a halogen to an alkene.

22
Q

What is the reaction from an alkene to a haloalkane called?

A

Electrophilic Addition

23
Q

What happens in electrophilic addition?

A
  • Electron pairs in the carbon double bond repel bromine, inducing dipole.
  • π bond is attracted to the positive bromine dipole so the bromine dipoles come closer further repelling the σ bond.
  • With the σ bond gone, the remaining electrons bond to one bromine creating a carbocation, where the other bromine will bond to.
24
Q

What are the conditions for electrophilic addition?

A

H₂SO₄

25
Q

How do we convert an alcohol to a haloalkane?

A

Replace the hydroxide ion with a halide ion.

26
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction from an alcohol to a haloalkane?

A

Concentrated H₂SO₄ and a spectator ion.

27
Q

How do we convert a haloalkane to an alcohol?

A

Replace the halide ion with a hydroxide ion

28
Q

What is the reaction from a haloalkane to an alcohol called?

A

Nucleophilic Substitution

29
Q

What happens in nucleophilic substitution ?

A
  • The bromine will be more electronegative than the carbon so there are dipoles.
  • Electrons in the C-Br bond are repelled by the electrons from the new -OH bond.
  • Heterolytic fission takes place as the bromine atom gets both electrons from the carbon.
30
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction from a haloalkane into an alcohol

A

Ethanol and NaOH

31
Q

What do Alcohols produce when combusted?

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water

32
Q

What types of Alcohols can we oxidise?

A

Primary and Secondary.

33
Q

What mixture do we use to oxidise alcohols.

A

K₂Cr₂O₇ + H₂SO₄

34
Q

When an alcohol is oxidised, what is the colour change and why?

A

The colour will change from orange to green because the orange contains dichromate ions whilst the green contains chromium ions.

35
Q

What happens if we oxidate a primary alcohol using distillation?

A

The alcohol turns into water and an aldehyde.

36
Q

What happens if we oxidate a primary alcohol using reflux?

A

The alcohol will turn into a carboxylic acid and water.

37
Q

What is reflux?

A

Reflux is the continuous evaporating and condensing of a reaction mixture.

38
Q

What happens if we oxidate a secondary alcohol?

A

The alcohol will turn into a ketone.

39
Q

What happens if we oxidate a tertiary alcohol?

A

Nothing will happen as tertiary alcohols can’t be oxidised.

A-Level Chemistry (14 decks)

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