Organic Chemistry ll Flashcards
What are alcohols?
organic molecules containing -OH functional group
Formula for Methanol?
CH3OH
Formula for ethanol
C2H5OH
Formula for Propanol
C3H7OH
Formula for Butanol
C4H9OH
Ethanol molecular formula
C2H6O
Structural formula for ethanol
CH3 CH2 OH
What are the two methods to manufacture ethanol
Hydration of Ethene
Fermentation of Glucose
What is the hydration of Ethene
Ethene gas is mixed with steam
Conditions for Hydration of ethene
300 degrees Celsius
65 atm pressure
Phosphoric acid catalyst
What raw material is used in the hydration of ethene
Crude oil provides Ethene
Advantages to the hydration of Ethene
Makes pure ethanol
Can run continuously
Disadvantages of Hydration of ethene
Non renewable raw material used
Conditions require a lot of energy - expensive
What is the fermentation of glucose?
Glucose is fermented microbiologically
What are the conditions for fermentation of glucose
Yeast - provides enzymes
30 degrees Celsius - optimum temp for enzymes
Anaerobic - prevents oxidation
Raw material used in the fermentation of glucose
Sugar cane provides the glucose
Advantages of fermentation of glucose
Renewable raw material used
Conditions not energy intensive
Disadvantages of glucose fermentation
Must be done in individual batches
Makes impure ethanol
What are the three ways ethanol can be oxidised
Combustion
Microbial Oxidation
Chemical Oxidation
What is the result of ethanol combustion
Non luminous, Blue flame
How does microbial oxidation work
Microbes can use oxygen in the air to oxidise ethanol into ethanoic acid
Conditions for microbial oxidation
Aerobically - presence of oxygen
Three stages to chemical oxidation
- Heat It
- Add Potassium Dichromate (VI)
- Dilute sulfuric acid
What colour change occurs in chemical oxidation
Orange to green
What causes the colour change in chemical oxidation
Orange dichromate ions
to
Green chromium ions
Carboxylic acid
An organic molecule containing an -COOH functional group
HCOOH
Methanoic Acid
CH3COOH
Ethanoic acid
C2H5COOH
Propanoic acid
C3H7COOH
Butanoic acid
what is vinegar
An aqeuous solution of ethanoic acid
When does vinegar form
Ethanol in wine undergoes microbial oxidation
Why does vinegar taste sour and acrid
the acidity of ethanoic acid
if a carboxylic acid loses a h+ ion what is it called
e.g ethanol
ethanoic acid –> ethanoate
products of carboxylic acid with metal
Salt and hydrogen
observations of carboxylic acid with metal
effervesence - hydrogen gas is produced
solid disappears - metal is used up in reaction
products produced when carboxylic acid reacts with metal carbonate
Salt + water + carbon dioxide
Observations of metal carbonate with carboxylic acid
Effervesence - carbon dioxide produced
Solid disappears - metal carbonate is used up in the reaction
Esters
A family of organic molecules which form when a carboxylic acid and alcohol join together by losing a H2O molecule
ester functional group
-coo
Carboxylic acid + alcohol –>
Ester + water
Condesation reaction
Production of water vapour
esterfication
production of ester
How do you make an ester
- Mix carboxylic acid and alcohol together
- Add a few drops of sulfuric acid - catalyst (very corrosive)
- Tip the mixture into the sodium carbonate solution - neutralises the catalyst
- Reaction produces carbon dioxide so wait until fizzing has stopped
why are esters used in perfumes and food flavouring
volatile compounds with distinctive smell
Polyester
A polymer made up of lots of molecules joined together in a chain by ester groups
How do you make a polyester
You mix two types of monomers
Dicarboxylic acid (-COOH at both ends)
Diol (-OH at both ends)
WHat is condensation polymerisation
when a monomer joins the end of the chain a H2O molecule is lost
what are bipolyesters
Biodegradable polyesters
Why are bipolyesters good
Reduce reliance on landfill and incineration to dispose of polymers
What happens in a bipolyester
Microbes such as bacteria and fungi can use enzymes ot break down the polymer into its monomer and use them as energy supply
