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Edexcel Chemistry > Organic Chemistry - definitions > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry - definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Bioalcohol

A

Fuels made from plant matter, often using enzymes or bacteria

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2
Q

Biodegradable

A

A polymer that can be broken down by microbes

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3
Q

Biodiesel

A

A fuel made from vegetable oils obtained from plants

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4
Q

Biofuel

A

Fuels obtained from living matter that has died recently

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5
Q

Carbocation

A

A positive ion in which the charge is shown on the carbon atom

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6
Q

Cracking

A

The breakdown of molecules into shorter ones by heating with a catalyst

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7
Q

Dehydration

A

The removal of the hydroxyl group in an alcohol molecule, together with a hydrogen atom from an adjacent carbon atom, forming a C=C bond

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8
Q

Diol

A

A compound containing 2 OH groups

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9
Q

Dipole

A

2 charges of equal magnitude but opposite signs are separated by a short distance

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10
Q

Displayed formula

A

Shows each bonding pair as a line drawn between the 2 atoms involved

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11
Q

Distillation with addition

A

Involves heating a reaction mixture, but adding another liquid and distilling off the product as it forms

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12
Q

Electrophile

A

An electron-deficient species attracted to a region of high electron density

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13
Q

Electrophilic addition

A

A reaction in which 2 molecules form one molecule and the attacking molecule is an electrophile

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14
Q

Elimination

A

A reaction in which a molecule loses atoms attached to adjacent carbon atoms, forming a C=C double bond

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15
Q

Ethanolic

A

A solution where ethanol is the solvent

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16
Q

Feedstock

A

Converting polymer waste into chemicals that can be used to make new polymers

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17
Q

Fractional distillation

A

The process used to separate a liquid mixture into fractions by boiling and condensing

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18
Q

Functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for its chemical reactions

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19
Q

Geometric isomers

A

Compounds containing a C=C bond with atoms or groups of atoms attached at different positions

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20
Q

Halogenation

A

The addition of a halogen

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21
Q

Reflux

A

Heating a reaction mixture with a condenser fitted vertically, continuous evaporation and condensation

22
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond so that both bonding electrons are taken by one atom

23
Q

Homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond where each of the bonding electrons leaves with one species, forming a radical

24
Q

Hydration

A

The addition of water (steam)

25
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

26
Q

Hydrogenation

A

The addition of hydrogen

27
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A reaction in which water hydroxide ions replace an atom in a molecule with an -OH group

28
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Some atoms in the fuel are not fully oxidised

29
Q

Complete combustion

A

All the atoms in the fuel are completely oxidised

30
Q

Initiation

A

The formation of radicals, usually as a result of bond breaking by ultraviolet radiation

31
Q

Locant

A

A number used to indicate which carbon atom in the chain an atom or group of atoms is attached to

32
Q

Mechanism

A

The sequence of steps in an overall reaction. Each step shows what happens to the electrons involved in bind breaking or bond formation

33
Q

Nucleophile

A

An electron rich species that donates a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond with and electron-deficient atom

34
Q

Nucleophilic Substitution

A

A reaction in which an attacking nucleophile replaces an existing atom or group in a molecule

35
Q

Propagation

A

The two steps that, when repeated many times, convert the starting materials into the products of the reaction

36
Q

Radical

A

A highly reactive species that contains unpaired electrons

37
Q

Reforming

A

The conversion of straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain and cyclic hydrocarbons

38
Q

Restricted rotation

A

Fixes the position of the atoms or groups attached to C=C atoms around a C=C bond in a set space

39
Q

Saturated

A

A compound containing only single bonds

40
Q

Simple distillation

A

Used to separate liquids with very different boiling temperatures

41
Q

Skeletal formula

A

Shows all the bonds between carbon atoms

42
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Compounds with the same structural formula and the same molecular formula but with the atoms or groups arranged differently in 3D dimensions

43
Q

Structural formula

A

Shows how atoms are joined together carbon-by-carbon

44
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae

45
Q

Substitution reaction

A

A reaction where an atom or group is replaced by another atom or group

46
Q

Termination

A

The formation of a molecule from two radicals

47
Q

Unsaturated

A

A compound containing one or more multiple bonds

48
Q

Aliphatic

A

An organic compound that consists of carbon chains. These may be straight chains or cyclical. All electrons are fixed in covalent bonds.

49
Q

Aromatic

A

An organic compound that contains a ring structure with delocalised electrons

50
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of organic molecules that have the same general formula (functional group) that differ in successive members by CH2

51
Q

Isomer

A

Organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula (atoms are arranged in a different way)

Edexcel Chemistry (3 decks)

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