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chemistry > organic chemistry - C7 > Flashcards

organic chemistry - C7 Flashcards

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1
Q

how does boiling points, volatileness, viscosity and flammability change with the length of the carbon chain

A

smaller chains = lower boiling point, more volatile, more flammable
longer chains = higher boiling point, more viscous, less flammable

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2
Q

how does fractional distillation work

A

-crude oil is heated at very high temperatures so that all the hydrocarbons evaporated
-its entered into a chamber and rises as its a gas
-hydrocarbons with higher boiling points condense at the bottom = bitumen, heavy fuel oil
-hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense at the top = petrol, kerosene , diesel
-some are still gases by the top = LPG

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3
Q

what is a feedstock?

A

a raw material used to provide reactants for industrial action

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4
Q

what is a petrochemical?

A

as substance made from crude oil via chemical reactions

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5
Q

why can alkenes do addition reactions?

A

because they have a double bond which can break apart so other molecules can be added

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6
Q

how do alkenes react with hydrogen?

A

they form alkanes
its needs a catalyst to happen

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7
Q

how do alkenes react with water?

A

they from alcohols
-the water splits up into hydrogen and hydroxide
-it needs a phosphoric acid catalyst and high temperatures

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8
Q

how do we separate alcohol from water and an unreacted alkene

A

-alkene = heat up the alkene will evaporate
-water - fractional distillation, alcohol evaporates first (in the case of ethanol)

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9
Q

how do alkenes react with halogens?

A
  • they make halogenoalkanes
  • no catalyst needed
  • now considered alkane as there is no more double bond
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10
Q

what is the bromine water test?

A

-alkenes will turn bromine water colourless
-alkanes will keep it orange

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11
Q

what are the requirements for addition polymerisation reactions?

A

a catalyst and pressure

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12
Q

why can’t alkanes do addition polymerisation reactions

A

they don’t have any double bonds

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13
Q

what is the functional group for alcohols?

A

OH

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14
Q

what are the properties of alcohols?

A

-flammable= can undergo complete combustion
-soluble - dissolve in water
- form carboxylic acids when oxidised

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15
Q

what are the uses of alcohols?

A

fuels and solvents

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16
Q

what is the uses of ethanol

A

chemical feedstock - to produce other organic compounds
-as a biofuel
-in alcoholic drinks

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17
Q

how is ethanol produced with steam?

A

ethene + steam = ethanol

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18
Q

what are the conditions needed for ethanol made from steam reaction

A

-high temperatures = 300 C
high pressures = 60 -70 atm
- phosphoric acid catalyst

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19
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of ethanol reaction from steam

A
  • its cheap and quick and efficient
    -ethene is non renewable as its made from crude oil
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20
Q

how can ethanol be made from glucose

A

glucose = ethanol and carbon dioxide
this is fermentation = anaerobic respiration if yeast cells

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21
Q

what are the the requirements needed to make ethanol from glucose?

A
  • a fermentation tank
    -temperatures from 30 to 40 C as this is the optimum temperatures for the enzymes
    -no oxygen
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22
Q

what are the pros and cons of making ethanol from glucose

A
  • glucose is renewable, yeast is easy to grow
  • the reaction is slow, the ethanol isn’t pure and has to be distilled
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23
Q

how are carboxylic acids formed ?

A

by oxidising an alcohol

24
Q

what is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

25
Q

why are carboxylic acids weak acids

A

they do not fully ionise in water = they do not release all of their hydrogen ions
their reaction with water is reversible
they from “anoate” ions and a hydrogen ion

26
Q

what is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal carbonate

A

salt, water, carbon dioxide

27
Q

how are esters formed

A

carboxylic acid and alcohol

28
Q

what are the properties of an ester

A

flammable and volatile

29
Q

what are esters used in

A

perfumes and food flavourings

30
Q

what is the functional groip for esters

A

COO

31
Q

How do carboxylic acids and alcohols change to make esters

A

the carboxylic acid loses its OH group
the alcohol loses its H from it Oh group
this forms an ester and water as as a by product

32
Q

what can the ester functional group be called

A

-ester group
-ester link
-ester bond

33
Q

what is required to make esters

A

an acid catalyst , usually a sulphuric acid catalyst

34
Q

how are polyesters formed with condensation polymerisation

A

with dicarboxylic acids and diols

35
Q

what are to bonded monomers called

A

dimers

36
Q

what is required for polyester condensation polymerisation to happen

A

two functional groups in each monomer

37
Q

how is the polyester formed

A

the dicarboxylic acid loses its OH and the diol loses it H to form water
-this allows the two to join together to form a dimer
-to make it a repeating unit the dicarboxylic acid will lose another OH and the diol will lose another H to form another water
-now they’re are two waters

38
Q

what will ethanoic acid and propanediol form

A

poly(propyl ethanoate)

39
Q

what is a monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

40
Q

what is a polymer

A

a large, long chain of molecules made by linking smaller molecules together

41
Q

why is it called condensation polymerisation?

A

because water is produced just like gaseous water condenses to produce water

42
Q

why are condensation polymers biodegradable?

A

because microorganisms can break the ester link

43
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols

A

CN H2N+1 OH

44
Q

what is the general formula for carboxylic acids

A

CN H2N+1 COOH

45
Q

what is a polypeptide (polymer)

A

a long chain of amino acids(monomer)

46
Q

what groups are present in an amino acid

A

carboxyl group (COOH)
amino group (NHH)
R group (changes depending on amino acid)

47
Q

how are polypeptides formed

A

through condensation polymerisation
-one amino acid loses its OH from the carboxyl group
-another loses on H from the amino group
-this means the carbon and nitrogen bond
-water is formed as a by product

48
Q

what is the bond between nitrogen and carbon in a polypeptide called

A

amide bond
amide link
peptide bond

49
Q

what is the monomer that make DNA

A

nucleotides

50
Q

what are the bases in nucleotides?

A

A,T,C,G

51
Q

what is the DNA structure

A

2 long chains of polymers that naturally coil up to form a double helix

52
Q

why do the polymers strands coil up

A

to protect the DNA from damage

53
Q

what are carbohydrates made up of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

54
Q

what polymer carbohydrates are there

A

glycogen, cellulose, starch

55
Q

what carbohydrate monomers are there

A

glucose and fructose

chemistry (10 decks)

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