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CHEMISTRY2 > ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - aldehydes and ketones > Flashcards

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - aldehydes and ketones Flashcards

1
Q

what is the carbonyl group?

A

C=O

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2
Q

what is the functional group and general formula for an aldehyde?

A

RCHO

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3
Q

what is the functional group for a ketone?

A

RCOR

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4
Q

how do you name aldehydes?

A

-al suffix

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5
Q

how do you name ketones?

A

-one suffix

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6
Q

what kind of IMF do molecules with carbonyl groups have?

A

permanent dipole dipole due to polar C=O bond

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7
Q

how soluble are they in water?

A

Yes- form hydrogen bonds between H on water and O on C=O
solubility decreases as chain length increases

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8
Q

which bond in carbonyl compounds is usually involved in reactions?

A

C=O, due to the polarity of the bond ( large electronegativity difference between C and O)

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9
Q

what is the strongest bond in carbonyl compounds?

A

C=O

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10
Q

draw mechanism of nucleophilic additions of HCN to carbonyl compounds.

A

drawing on pmt

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11
Q

why is the addition of HCN important?

A

increases the length of the carbon chain by one carbon atom

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12
Q

will the product of HCN added to a carbonyl compound have optical isomers? why?

A

yes - the carbonyl compound is trigonal planar so the CN nucleophile can attack from above or below forming two enantiomers

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13
Q

what is the name of the product when HCN in added to carbonyl compounds?

A

hydroxynitriles

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14
Q

what is fehlings solution? what colour is it?

A

copper complex ions - blue

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15
Q

what happens when aldehyde is added to fehlings solution?

A

Cu2+ ions reduced to Cu+ ions –> brick red ppt formed

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16
Q

what happens when a ketone is added to fehlings solution?

A

no colour change - stays blue

17
Q

what is in tollens’ reagent?

A

silver complex ions, colourless solution

18
Q

what happens when an aldehyde is added to tollens reagent?

A

silver mirror forms Ag+ reduced to Ag (s)

19
Q

what happens when a ketone is added to tollens reagent?

A

no visible change

20
Q

what is another oxidising agent for alcohol and aldehydes?

A

acidifies potassium dichromate - H2SO4 and K2Cr2O7
colour change from orange to green

21
Q

what is a reducing agent for aldehydes and ketones? what ions does this release in solution?

A

NaBH4 ( sodium tetahydriodoborate) releases a H- ion

22
Q

draw a mechanism for the reduction of an aldehyde?

A

drawing on pmt

CHEMISTRY2 (6 decks)

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