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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds made from only hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

Whats the formula of an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

Whats a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds acting in a similar way

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4
Q

What are the first 4 alkanes?

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane

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5
Q

What happens to the properties the shorter hydrocarbon?

A

The lower the viscosity, the higher the volatility and flammability.

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6
Q

Whats the combustion of a hydrocarbon with oxygen?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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7
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

From remains of plants and animals. mainly plankton, from millions of years ago. The remains turned to crude oil with high pressures and temperatures.

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8
Q

What happens in fractional distillation?

A

The oil is heated until it turns to gas, which then goes in a fractionating column.
The longer hydrocarbons, which have higher boiling points, condense first and go to the bottom of the column while the shorter hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense later and go the top of the column, leaving you with fractions.

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9
Q

What can hydrocarbons be used to make?

A

Polymers, solvents, lubricants, and detergents.

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10
Q

What is cracking?

A

Turning long chain hydrocarbons into short chain hydrocarbons

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11
Q

Whats the process of cracking?

A

Thermal:
Heat the long chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them.
The gas is passed over hot, powered aluminium oxide, a catalyst, to crack them.
Steam:
Heat the hydrocarbons to vaporise them,
Mix it with steam
Heat them again at a high temperature for them to split.

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12
Q

Whats the formula of cracking?

A

long chain hydrocarbon –> short chain hydrocarbon + ethene

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13
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons with a double carbon-carbon bond, making them unsaturated

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14
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes?

A

Ethene, Propene, Butene, Pentene

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15
Q

Whats the formula of an alkene?

A

CnH2n

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16
Q

Whats the incomplete combustion of an alkene?

A

Alkene + oxygen –> carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

17
Q

Whats alkenes’ functional group?

A

C=C

18
Q

What happens when you add bromine water to an alkene?

A

It will become colourless

19
Q

What happens when alkenes react with water?

A

it will turn into an alcohol

20
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long molecules of monomers

21
Q

Whats addition polymerisation?

A

Lots of alkenes opening up their bonds and joining together.

22
Q

Whats the functional group of alcohols/

A

-OH

23
Q

Whats the formula of an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

24
Q

Whats the first 4 alcohols?

A

Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol

25
Q

Whats the complete combustion of alcohols?

A

alcohol + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

26
Q

What are properties of alcohols?

A

They’re flammable, soluble in water, can react with sodium and can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids.

27
Q

What can alcohols be used for?

A

Solvents and fuels

28
Q

Whats the process used to convert sugars into ethanol?

A

Fermentation

29
Q

Whats the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

30
Q

Whats the first 4 carboxylic acids?

A

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid

31
Q

Whats the formula when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

A

Carboxylic acid + sodium carbonate –> sodium …anoate + carbon dioxide + water

32
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in wtaer

A

They ionise and release their H+ ions, causing an acidic solution.

33
Q

Whats the functional group of esters?

A

-COO-

34
Q

How are esters formed (formula)?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid (+ acid catalyst) –> ester + water

35
Q

Whats an example of an ester?

A

Ethyl Ethanoate

36
Q

Whats condensation polymerisation?

A

Monomers with different functional groups reacting and forming polymer chains and while reacting, losing water at the same time

37
Q

What are the functional groups of an amino acid?

A

Amino -NH2

Acidic Carboxyl -COOH

Chemistry (8 decks)

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