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A Level Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Seven prefix

A

Hept

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2
Q

If neeedidng to name halogens in order, what order do you use?

A

Alphabetically

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3
Q

Ring structure

A

Cyclo

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4
Q

Alkane functional group and general formula

A

C-C

CnH2n+2

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5
Q

Alkene functional group and general formula

A

Double carbon bond

CnH2n

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6
Q

Alcohol

A

Ol

OH

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7
Q

Carboxylicic acid

A

Oicada

C=O-OH

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8
Q

Ketone

A

C-C=c-c

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9
Q

FIND THE LONGEST CHAIN

A

NO GROUP ON ONE EVER!!

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10
Q

Structural isomerism

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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11
Q

Three types of isomerism and explain

A

Chain = different carbon backbone
Functional group = different functional group
Position = same functional group, different position

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12
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Molecules with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

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13
Q

E/Z isomerism criteria

A

C=C bond which restricts rotation

Each carbon on C=C must have two different groups attached

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14
Q

Cis/trans isomerism is a form of E/Z isomerism where

A

They have a group in common

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15
Q

Z is for

A

Zusammen = together

When both heavier groups are in the same direction (either up or down)

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16
Q

E is for

A

Entgeben = alone

Where both the heavier groups are diagonal

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17
Q

Trans is

A

Trans = different

Same group is in opposite directions

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18
Q

Cis is

A

Cis = same

Same group in the same direction

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19
Q

E/Z priority is based on

A

Atomic number

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20
Q

Hydrocarbon is

A

Molecule containing carbon and hydrogen only

21
Q

Homologous series are

A

Molecules with the same functional group, general formula and each successive member differs by general formula

22
Q

Functional group

A

Part of a molecule that controls how it reacts

23
Q

Allanes are ———— hydrocarbons

A

Saturated no C=C bonds

24
Q

Albanés are reactive or un reactive and why

A

I reactive = gave no polar bonds, only strong ones throughout

25
Q

Complete combustion of alkanres form

A

CO2 and H2O

26
Q

Incomplete combustion of alkanes can produce

A

CO toxic gas
Water
Carbon particulates that cause breathing problems
NO (any oxide) and SO2 can cause acid rain
I burnt hydrocarbons

27
Q

Alaines are fuels and come from

A

Crude oil

28
Q

How do we separate alkanes

A

Fractional distillation = separation by boiling point

29
Q

Two methods of turning less useful fractions into more useful fractions that burn more efficiently

A 
Cracking = breaking larger hydrocarbons into smaller ones 
Reforming = turning long chains into branched or cyclic rings
30
Q

Catalytic converter purpose

A

Used in cars to convert some of these harmful products of incomplete combustion of alkanes into safer substances

31
Q

Catalytic converters use a catalyst - what three elements?

A

Platinum
Palladium
Rhodium

32
Q

For equation wiht catalytic converter

A

Change harmful stuff put catalyst on top of arrows and form CO2 and nitrogen gas for example

33
Q

Alternative fuels

A

Made from renewable resources such as biofuel or alcohoks from sugars
Saves crude oil which is running out
Approximate carbon neutral because fewer greenhouse gases
But large amounts of Land needed to grow crops so deforestation or snatching land used for substinance farming

34
Q

Branched chains mean

A

Less surface contacten so weaker London forces hence more energy needed to break the bonds

35
Q

Free radicals are

A

Species with an unpaired electron

36
Q

How are free radicals formed and explain

A

Homolytic fission = when a bond breaks evenly and each atoms gets one electron forming radicals by UV light

37
Q

Mechanism of free radical substitution explain all steps

A

Initiation = create halogen radicals by passing through UV
Propagation one: one halogen radical with hydrocarbon creates HX (eg HBr or HI) and hydrocarbon radical with one less hydrogen
Propagation two: hydrocarbon radical and halogen (Br2 for example) react to form the end product and halogen radical
Termination: two halogen radicals combine, two hydrocarbon radicals combine (double the structure), and one hydrocarbon radical and one halogen racial combine to form end product

38
Q

Free radicals goes for which bond in hydrocarbon

A

Breaks of a hydrogen

39
Q

Why is free radical substitution not an efficient way of making a given halogenalkane

A

Lots of termination products (waste)
Longer chains may form different isomers to product wanted
Multi substitution can occur

40
Q

Electrophiles are

A

Electron pair acceptors

41
Q

Nucleophiles are

A

Electron pair donor

42
Q

Alkanes are —— hydrocarbons

A

Unsaturated c=c

43
Q

Sigma bond is

A

End on overlap of ss sp or pp

44
Q

Pi bonds are only found in double and triple bonds and Ade

A

Sideways overlap of two p orbitals

45
Q

In a double bond there are what types of bonds

A

One sigma and one pi

46
Q

In a triple bond there are what types of bonds

A

One sigma

Two pi

47
Q

Is a pi bond or sigma bond weaker and why

A

Pi bond due to a higher electron density?

48
Q

Alkanes are —— and attract electrophiles or nucleophiles

A

Reactive
Electrophiles
Region of high electron density in pi bond hence max repulsion

A Level Chemistry (8 decks)

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