Organic Chemistry Flashcards
how many bonds does carbon always form?
4
what does the molecular formula tell us?
the actual number of each atom
what does the structural formula tell us?
how the atoms are bonded to each other
what are four properties of a homologous series?
a group of compounds that:
- have the same general formula
- have similar chemical properties
- have a gradation in their physical properties
- differs by a CH2 group
what is a hydrocarbon?
a compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon
name the fractions produced in fractional distillation of crude oil
refinery gas, petrol, naphtha, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, bitumen
define cracking
the breakdown of large, saturated hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful hydrocarbons
what does saturated mean?
it doesn’t contain any C=C Bonds
what is a functional group?
the reactive part of a molecule
what does \_\_\_\_\_ mean? meth eth prop but
the compound contains \_\_\_\_\_\_ carbon atom/s 1 2 3 4
what are the endings for alkanes alkenes alcohols carboxylic acids
- ane
- ene
- ol
- oic acid
what is the full definition of alkanes?
what is the general formula?
a family of saturated hydrocarbons that do not have a functional group and are therefore less reactive
CnH2n+2
what is the state of the first four alkanes at room temp and pressure?
gas
what do alkanes burn in a plentiful supply to form?
what do alkanes burn in a limited supply to form
carbon dioxide and water
carbon monoxide + water + soot
give a full definition of alkenes?
what is the general formula?
they are a family of unsaturated hydrocarbons, they have the C=C functional group and are therefore more reactive than alkanes
CnH2n
what is the state of the first four alkenes at room temp and pressure?
gas
what is an alkene?
an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
what do alkenes react with plentiful supply of oxygen to form?
carbon dioxide and water
ethene + steam ->
ethanol
how do you carry out an addition reaction between ethene and bromine water, what is the colour change `
add bromine water to an alkene and mix
brown to colourless
ethene + hydrogen ->
what conditions are required
ethane
the presence of a finely divided nickel catalyst at 150 c
how is a polymer formed
formed from lots of small alkene molecules (monymers) joined together
what is addition polymerisation?
small molecules join together to form a long chain molecule
what is fermentation used for and describe the process
sugars are dissolved in solution, in the presence of yeast, ata warm temperature (not above 37) in the absence of oxygen.
glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide
what do alkanes, alkenes and alcohols react in excess oxygen to form
carbon dioxide and water
what do alkanes, alkenes and alcohols react in a limited supply of oxygen to form?
carbon monoxide, soot and water
why are carboxylic acids weak acids
because they only partially ionise in water
what do carboxylic acids produce
salts ending in -oate
what is the formula for methanoate ethanoate propanoate butanoate
HCOO
CH3COO
C2H5COO
C3H7COO
acid + metal =
acid + base/alkali =
acid + metal carbonate =
salt + hydrogen
salt + water
sale + carbon dioxide + water
what is used to test for alkenes
bromine water, brown to colourless
what is used to test for alcohol
acidified potassium dichromate
orange to green
what is used to test for carboxylic acid
solid sodium carbonate, fizzes
magnesium. fizess
l
l
what do methanol, ethanol and prop-1-anol oxidise to form
carboxylic acids
how can alcohols be oxidised
by air and by acidified potassium dichromate
