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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that consist of carbon and hydrogen only

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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

(dark, viscous liquid)

-A complicated mixture of many hydrocarbon molecules of different sizes and shapes

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3
Q

Why/ how is crude oil separated?

A
  • In its raw state, crude oil is virtually useless
  • But it can be refined to extract useful components
  • Refined using the process fractional distillation
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4
Q

State the principles of fractional distillation and how it works?

A
  • The crude oil is vaporised and passed into the bottom of a long column
  • That is hot at the bottom and cool at the top
  • The heavier a compound (the more carbons it has), the higher its boiling point
  • That means that the heavier compounds leave the column first towards the bottom, where the temperature is the highest
  • The really light compounds leave the column towards the top where the temperature is lower
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5
Q

How does the chain length of a hydrocarbon affect it’s boiling point?

A
  • Heavier compounds
  • With longer chains
  • Make larger molecules
  • Have greater intermolecular forces of attraction
  • Require more energy to overcome
  • Have higher boiling points
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6
Q

How does the chain length of a hydrocarbon affect it’s viscosity?

A
  • Heavier compounds
  • With longer chains
  • Are more viscous
  • As longer/ heavier chains are thicker in their liquid form
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7
Q

What is meant by the term “volatility”? How does the chain length of a hydrocarbon affect it’s volatility?

A

“The volatility of a compound is its tendency to evaporate at a given temperature”

  • Heavier compounds
  • With longer chains
  • Are less volatile
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8
Q

How does the chain length of a hydrocarbon affect it’s ability to ignite?

A

Heavier compounds, with longer chains, do not ignite easily

Lighter more shorter chains, ignite more easily

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9
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

A second refinement process, that “cracks”/ passes the longer chain molecules from fractional distillation, over a heated catalyst that breaks them into even smaller chained alkanes/ alkenes

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10
Q

What is the molecular formula of a compound?

A

The formula that shows the actual no. of atoms in each element in one molecule of that compound

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11
Q

What is a (displayed/full) structural formula?

A

The formula that specifies/ shows how the atoms are arranged, including all the covalent bonds

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12
Q

What is a (condensed) structural formula?

A

The formula that specifies/ shows how the atoms are arranged, in a compact way (without showing the covalent bonds)

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13
Q

What is meant by the term “structural isomerism”?

A

Structural isomerism arises when it is possible to sequence the atoms in a molecular formula in more than 1 way

  • have the SAME MOLECULAR formula
  • but DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL formula
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14
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

When you burn a hydrocarbon [reacts with oxygen] “properly”, with enough/ excess oxygen and you form carbon dioxide and water, with a release of energy

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15
Q

How would you balance an equation showing COMPLETE combustion?

A
  • The number of molecules of carbon dioxide formed will be given by the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon
  • The number of molecules of water formed will be half of the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon
  • All that remains is to balance the oxygen atoms
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16
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

When you burn a hydrocarbon [react with oxygen] with an insufficient supply of oxygen, producing carbon monoxide IN ADDITION TO carbon dioxide and water, with a release of energy

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17
Q

What is meant by the term “homologous series”?

A

a family of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties who share the same general formula

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18
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Functional groups refer to specific atoms bonded in a certain arrangement that give a compound certain physical and chemical properties

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19
Q

What are alkanes?

A
  • Simplest homologous series
  • General formula CnH2n+2
  • Saturated chains of carbon atoms
20
Q

What is meant by the term saturated?

A

All the carbon-to-carbon bonds in the molecule are SINGLE bonds

21
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

22
Q

What is the difference between alkanes and alkenes?

A

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons:
-contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only, but there is at least one carbon-to-carbon bond in the molecule that is a double bond (C=C)

23
Q

What are the rules to naming alkenes?

A
  • The number that indicates the position of the double bond is the lower of the two possible numbers
  • The number is inserted in the name after the prefix and before the suffix.
  • Numbers are separated by “,” and words and numbers and separated with “-“
  • If there is more than one double bond, the suffix -diene, -triene, and so on
  • Each double bond must have a number to indicate its position
24
Q

How do you test for alkenes/ unsaturation?

A
  • Add bromine water/ (if testing a gas, bubble the gas into a solution of bromine water) to the solution you’re testing
  • If an alkene is present, the bromine water changes from orange to colourless
25
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A
  • During polymerisation, the reactant alkene molecules react with each other to form very long-chain product molecules
  • The small reactant alkene molecules are unsaturated and are called monomers
  • One of the bonds in the C=C of the monomer molecules is broken, and C-C bonds are formed end to end between neighbouring monomer molecules
  • The large product molecule is saturated and is called a polymer
26
Q

How do you draw a monomer?

A 
LOOK AT PICTURE ON PHONE
-just the compound
-No trailing single bonds
-Double bond present 
No brackets 
-"n" to represent a large number
27
Q

How do you draw a repeating unit?

A

LOOK AT THE PICTURE ON PHONE

  • No double bond
  • Trailing single bonds to the 2 C atoms of the double bond
  • Brackets
  • “n” to represent a large number
28
Q

What are the conditions for an addition polymerisation reaction?

A
  • High pressure

- Use of catalysts

29
Q

What is condensation polymerisation? How is it different from addition polymerisation reaction?

A
  • A reaction in which small molecules/ monomers join
  • produce a long-chain molecule/ polymer
  • The difference is that with condensation polymerisation, there is a byproduct (in addition to the polymer)
  • Typically H2O or HCl is eliminated every time a linkage is made
  • Condensation polymerisation also often involves 2 different types of monomer molecules joining together
30
Q

What are the 2 main types of condensation polymers?

A
  • Polyesters

- Polyamides

31
Q

What is the functional group for an ester?

A

COO

32
Q

What are the 2 functional groups that react to form a polyester?

A
  • A carboxylic acid

- A hydroxyl group of an alcohol

33
Q

What is the functional group for a polyamide?

A

CONH

34
Q

What are the 2 functional groups that react to form a polyamide?

A
  • A carboxylic group

- An amine group

35
Q

How are proteins made?

A
  • Condensation reaction
  • b/t amino acids
  • joined by peptide bonds
36
Q

Describe the structure of an amino acid

A

consist of:
(-NH2) amino group
(-COOH) carboxyl group
an ‘R Group’- this is a side chain that is unique to each amino acid

37
Q

What is meant by the term “biodegradable” when applied to polymers?

A
  • Biodegradable polymers break down (degrade) after their intended use to produce such natural products as: CO2, N2, H2O, etc
  • This natural breakdown is usually brought about by the action of microorganisms or enzymes
  • Biodegradable polymers often contain ester or amide linkages
38
Q

What is meant by the term “non-biodegradable”? when applied to polymers?

A
  • Non-biodegradable polymers are NOT broken down after their intended use
  • Most polymers are of this type and they tend to consist of long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms
  • The strong bonding between these atoms makes them resistant to breakdown by microorganisms or enzymes.
39
Q

What is the functional group for alcohols?

A

-OH

40
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

41
Q

How does sodium react with alcohols? Use ethanol as an example

A

2Na+2C2H5OH—>2C2H5ONa + H2

-C2H5ONa (sodium ethoxide) is a strong alkali when aqueous & colourless

42
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

43
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

44
Q

How does being a weak acid affect the properties of carboxylic acids?

A

-They are only partially dissociated into ions when in aqueous solution:
RCOOH(aq) ⇌ RCOO−(aq) + H+(aq)
-Acids so they:
*react with metals to form a salt+H2
*react with bases to form a salt+H2O
*react with carbonates to form a salt+H2O+CO2

45
Q

How do carboxylic acids react with alcohols?

A

-React with alcohols to produce esters (-COO)
-Condensation reaction; water is eliminated
-Reaction is also reversible
-conc H2SO4 is usually used as the acid catalyst
-NAMING THE ESTER PRODUCED:
*first part comes from alcohol
*second part comes from the salt of the carboxylic acid
(E.g, ethanoic acid + methanol —> methyl ethanoate)

Chemistry (15 decks)

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