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Chemistry GCSE > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How does fractional distillation work

A

The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top so substances with high boiling points condense at the bottom and substances with lower boiling points condense on the way to stop

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2
Q

How do hydrocarbons properties change as you go up the fractionating column

A
  1. lower boiling points; less intermolecular bonds 2. lower viscosity as less molecules; less intermolecular bonds to tangle 3. less flammability; bigger hydrocarbons have more soot
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3
Q

Define a hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon- a molecule that only contains hydrogen and carbon

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4
Q

What are the endings for Alkanes

A

‘ane’

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5
Q

What are the first 4 structural formulas for alkanes

A
  • Methane CH4 - Ethane C2H6 - Propane C3H8 - Butane C4H10
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6
Q

What is the general formula for Alkenes

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

What is the difference between structural formulas, skeletal formula and strutured formulas

A

Structural is the pure numbers and elements Skeletal only use dots and sticks Strctures uses lines and elements

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8
Q

Define Isomers

A

Isomers have the same molecular formula but a different structure e.g. butane and methyl propane

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9
Q

How are isomers named

A

Largest carbon chain/ where functional groups are added

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10
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

Dead biomass formed thick layers of sediment on sea beds under heat and pressure in anaerobic conditions decay occurs; oil formed 50-250 million years

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11
Q

What are the conditions needed for formation of crude oil

A

-animal remains -high temp. and pressure -anaerobic conditions + millions of years

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12
Q

What sort of alkanes are in demand

A

Shorter alkanes are in very high demand and larger are less in demand as they are harder to ignite and more viscous

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13
Q

What is cracking

A

Larger alkanes are cracked to form alkanes and alkenes Long alkanes –> shorter alkanes + alkenes

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14
Q

What is catalytic cracking

A

vaporise alkanes and pass them over a hot catalyst; Al2O3 (600-700C)

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15
Q

What is steam cracking

A

you vaporise alkanes, mix them with steam and then heat to a high temp. Shown by bromine water going from orange to colourless

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16
Q

What are alkenes

A

a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the functional group C=C double bond. End in ‘ene’

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17
Q

Why are Alkenes more reactive

A

due to the double bond

18
Q

What is the General formula for Alkenes

A

CnH2n

19
Q

Define unsaturated

A

Containing a c=c double bond

20
Q

Define Saturated

A

Not containing a c=c double bond

21
Q

Define polymerisation

A

when many small molecules (monomers) join to make very large molecules (polymers)

22
Q

Define addition polymerisation

A

when 2 monomers join together, double bond breaks and 2 monomers join to from one polymer

23
Q

What is the homologous series of alcohol

A

Compounds containing the functional group -OH and are named ‘ol’

24
Q

What are the uses of alcohol

A

solvents and fuels dissolve in water to form neutral solutions Drinking

25
Q

How is alcohol formed

A

1) Direct Hydration of Ethene 2) Fermentation of sugars

26
Q

How do you test for alcohol

A

1) react with sodium to form ethoxides and hydrogen 2) dissolve in water to form neutral solutions and then test for pH

27
Q

What are the equation and conditions for direct hydration of ethene

A

CH2,CH2 + H2O –> (conc. Phosphoric acid and steam high temp. + pressure) CH3,CH2,OH

28
Q

What are the conditions for fermentation

A
  • Sugars dissolved in water - Yeast is added - Mixture at 25-40 degrees Celsius for optimum temp. - Anaerobic conditions
29
Q

What does mild oxidation of alcohols do

A

• Mild oxidation of alcohols makes a carboxylic acid

30
Q

Define homogolous series

A

series of organic compounds with a similar general formula and also possess similar chemical properties due to the same functional group BUT have diff. physical properties

31
Q

How is addition polymerisation shown

A
32
Q

Define a carboxlyic acid

A
  • Homologous series containing functional group -COOH and named ‘-oic acid’
33
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak

A
34
Q

How do carboxylic acids react with metals

A
35
Q

How do carboxylic acids form esters?

A

Carboxlic acids + alcohol ( sulphuric acid catalyst) —> esters and water

36
Q

Define esters

A

group -COO- with a double bond on one oxygen

37
Q

What are esters responsible for

A

smell of fruits and other extracts

38
Q

Define Condensation Polymerisation

A

monomers with 2 diff functional groups joining to make a polymer and water is released

39
Q

How are polyesters made

A

when molecules with 2 alcohol functional groups react with molecules with 2 carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid groups react with alcohol groups to form ester linkages (-COO-) and give off water

40
Q

Define polyamides

A

made when molecules with 2 functional groups of carboxylic acid react with 2 functional groups of amine. Amine functional groups is -NH2- . Carboxylic acid groups react with amine groups to form amine linkages (-CONH-) and give off water.

Chemistry GCSE (8 decks)

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