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Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry about?

A

it is about compounds that contain carbon.

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

any compound that is formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

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3
Q

What is the simpliest type of hydrocarbon you can get?

A

Alkanes, they have a general forumla of C n H 2n+2

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4
Q

What makes alkanes a homologous series?

A

they are a group of organic compounds that react in a similar way.

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5
Q

What is it called when each carbon atoms forms four single covalent bonds ( alkanes)?

A

saturated compounds.

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6
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

methane,ethane,propane,butane.

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7
Q

What happens as the length of the carbon chain changes?

A

the properties of the hydrocarbon changes

the shorter - the more runny it is - low boiling points,flammable

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8
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A fossil fuel.formed from the remains of plants and animals, mainly plankton , died millions of years ago and burried in mud.finite resources.

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9
Q

How do you seperature the different compounds in crude oil?

A

fractional distillation.

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10
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

Page 76

1) the oil is heated until most is turned into gas.gasses enter a fractionating colume.
2) in the column, theres a temperature gradient
3) longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points.condense back into liquids and drain out of the column near the bottom.shorter ones condense and drain out near the top.

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11
Q

Uses of crude oil?

A

1) fuel for most modern transport : cars, trains,planes

2) all products you get from crude oil are organic compounds

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12
Q

What does cracking mean?

A

splitting up long chain hydrocarbons,

breaking molecules down by heating them

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13
Q

Good things about short chain hydrocarbons.

A

flammable so make good fuels and are high in demand.

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14
Q

bad things about long chain hydrocarbons.

A

forms thick gloopy liquids like tar, not useful

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15
Q

different methods of cracking.

A

1)heat long chain hydrocarbons to vaportise them
vapour is passed over a hot powdered alumininium oxide catalyst
molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst-catalytic cracking
2)vapourise, mix them with steam and then heat them to a very high temperature - Steam cracking.

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16
Q

What are alkenes?

A

hydrocarbons which have double bond between two of the carbon atoms in their chain.

17
Q

What bond do alkenes have?

A

C=C Double bond,
alkenes have two fewer hydrogens compared with alkanes containing the same number of carboin atoms- making them unsaturated.

18
Q

What can incomplete combustion result in?

A

smoky yellow flame and less energy being released.

sometimes carbon and carbon monoxide can be produced-poisonous gas.

19
Q

Alkenes react via addition reactions

A

the carbon carbon double bond will open up to leave a single bond and a new atom is added to each carbon

20
Q

What is the addition of hydrogen known as?

A

hydrogenation

hydrogen can react with the double bonded carbons to open up the double and form the equivalent bond,saturated , alkane

21
Q

What does steam react with alkenes to form?

A

alchohols.
when reacted with steam,water is added across the bond and an alcohol is formed.
For example, ethanol can be made by mixing ethene with steam and then passing it over a catalyst.

22
Q

What is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms in a molecule that determines how that molecule typically reacts.

23
Q

What are polymers?

A

long molecules formed when lots of small molecules called monomers join together - polymerisation

24
Q

How to draw repeating unit of a polymer

A

page 80

25
Q

what is the naming system for alcohols?

A

same as alaknes - but replace the final ‘-e’ with ‘-ol’

26
Q

What do the first four alcohols have similar in properties?

A

flammable
soluble in water
oxidised by reacting with oxygen to produce a carboxylic acid.
different alcohols form different carboxylic acids.

27
Q

what are carboxylic acids?

A

homologous series of compounds that all have ‘-COOH’ as a functional group.name starts with -anoic acid , and normally starts with -meth/eth/prop/but

28
Q

How do carboxylic acids react?

A

with carbonates to produce a salt,water and carbon dioxide. salts formed end in - anoate.
dissolve in water,then ionise and realse H+ ions resultsing in an acidic solution

29
Q

condensation polymers page 83

A

83

30
Q

what two different functional groups do amino acids have?

A

aimno group, carboxyl group.

31
Q

example of amoni acid

A

glycine, the smallest and simpliest amino acid possible

32
Q

Naturally occuring polymers page 84

A

84

Chemistry (10 decks)

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