Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter

Question 1

What are ions?

Answer 1

Charged particles , single atoms or groups of atoms

Question 2

Why do atoms lose or gain electrons to form ions?

Answer 2

To get a full outer shell

Question 3

What happenes when metals form ions?

Answer 3

they lose electrons from their outer shell to form positive ions

Question 4

what happenes when non-metals form ions?

Answer 4

they gain electrons into their outershell to form negative ions.

Question 5

What are the three types of bonding?

Answer 5

ionic, covalent and metalic

Question 6

What happens when a metal and non metal react together?

Answer 6

The metal atom loses electrons to form a positively charged ion and the non-metal gains these electrons to form a negatively charged ion.These oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to one another by electostatic forces (ionic bond)

Question 7

What is a Dot and Cross diagram?

Answer 7

It shows the arrangement of electrons in an atom or ion.Each ion represented by a cross or dot, to show which atom the electrons orginally came from.

Question 8

What structure do ionic compounds have?

Answer 8

A closely packed regular lattice arrangement and there are very strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions, in all directions in the lattice. ( Giant ionic lattice)

Question 9

Properties of Ionic compounds

Answer 9

High melting points and high boiling points.
When solid,the ions are held in place so can’t conduct electricity.
When melted, ions are free to move so they’ll carry electric current.
Some ionic compounds also dissolve in water.

Question 10

How to work out empirical forumla?

Answer 10

Work out what charges the ions will form, then balance them out.

Question 11

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 11

When non-metal atoms bond together, they share pairs of electrons

Question 12

What does each single covalent bond provide?

Answer 12

One extra shared electron for each atom

Question 13

What are simple molecular substances?

Answer 13

molecules containing a few atoms joined together by covalent bonds

Question 14

Properties of simple molecular substances

Answer 14

held together by very strong covalent bonds.By contrast, the forces of attraction between these molecules are very weak.
To melt or boil it you just need to break the feeble intermolecular forces and not the covalent bond.So the melting and boiling points are very low because they are easily parted.
Gases or liquid at room temperature(most)
bigger molecules= stronger intermolecular forces

Question 15

How to draw polymers

Answer 15

Page 33

Question 16

What is a polymer?

Answer 16

lots of small units linked together to form a long molecule that has repeating sections, all the atoms are joined by strong covalent bonds.

Question 17

What is a giant covalent structure?

Answer 17

all the atoms are bonded together by strong covalent bonds .

Question 18

Examples of Giant covalent structures

Answer 18

Diamond , graphite and silicon dioxide

Question 19

What are allotropes?

Answer 19

Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state.

Question 20

About a diamond

Answer 20

Made up of carbon atoms that each form four covalent bonds.Makes diamond really hard.
strong covalent bonds take a lot of energy to break and give diamond a very high melting point.
doesn’t conduct electricity because it has no free electrons.

Question 21

About Graphite

Answer 21

each carbon atoms forms three covalent bonds creating sheets of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons.
soft and slippery because no covalent bonds between the layers
High melting point, delocalised electrons so can conduct electricity and thermal energy

Question 22

What is graphene?

Answer 22

a sheet of carbon atoms joined together in hexagons.Incredibly light , contains delocalised electrons so can conduct electricity.

Question 23

What are fullerenes?

Answer 23

molecules of carbon shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls.
Mainly made up of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons, sometimes in pentagons or heptagons
conducts electricity and thermal energy
high tensile strength
can form nanotubes - tiny carbon cylinders

Question 24

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 24

When a metal reacts with a metal.
outershell electrons are delocalised.Strong forces of electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions and the shared negative electrons.

Question 25

Properties of metal

Answer 25

solid at room temp
high melting and boiling points
good conductors of heat and electricity
malleable, can be bent or hammered

Question 26

STATES OF MATTER(DONT NEED TO DO)

Answer 26

ON PAGE 36 -37

Question 27

Coarse partciles size

Answer 27

between 2500nm and 10,000nm

Question 28

Fine particles size

Answer 28

diameter between 100nm and 2500nm

Question 29

nanoparticles

Answer 29

diameter between 1nm and 100nm

Question 30

Surface area to volume ratio for nano particles

Answer 30

surface area to volume ratio = surface area / volume

Question 31

What are nanoparticles?

Answer 31

Very small partcile

very high surface area to volume ratio

Question 32

Uses of nanoparticles

Answer 32

large surface area= catalysts
nanomedicine
tiny elecetric circuits
cosmetics

Question 33

effects of nanoparticles on health

Answer 33

used in sun creams for protecting the skin
skin coverage
might damage cells
might damage the environment when washed away