Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is a homologous series?
A group of compounds that can all be represented by the same gen formula same chemi properties, differ by Ch2 amd have similar physical properties
What are alkanes?
Hydrocarbons which have single bonds only
Whatvare alkenes.
Hydrocarbons which contain a double bonf
What are hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain c and H o ly
What is a functional group?
This is a group of atoms responsible for the charcteristics reactions of a particular compound
What is the functional group of Alkanes?
C-C
What is the functional group of Alkene,
C–C
What does aturated mean?
Contains a single bond only
What is the general formula for Alkane and Alkene
Alkane: Cn H2n + 2
Alkene: Cn H2n
What does the molecular fodmula show us
It shows us the number of each element in a compound
What is the empirical formula?
Shows us the simplest whole bumber ratio of a compound
What is an isomer?
An isomer is somehing that has the same molecular formula but a different displayed formula
What is a substiution reaction?
A rraction which involves one atom being supplied for another
What condition must there be for a substituiton reaction
Uv Light
What is an addition reaction?
An addition reaction is where one metal connects with another molecule to produce only one product.
Test for alkanes and alkenes?
Add bromine water. Alkanes stay orange, Alkenes become decolourised
What is crude oil?
A mixture of hydrocarbon of different chainlenghts
When is crude oil not useful
When it is a black liquid
How does fractional distilliation of Crude oil work
Oil is vaporised by heating. Passed into tower at the bottom column (hotter at bottom than top). Hydrocarbons cool and condense as they rise as they have different boiling points. The smaller the molecile the higher up the tower they reach.
What are fractions?
Mixture of hydrocarbons
Does the flamibillity inceease as the size of the hydrocarbon increase
The flamibillity does not increase as the size of the Hc increases
Does the cleaniliness of the flame increase as the size of the hydrocarbon increase
No
Does the Viscosity increase as the size of the hyrocarbon increases?
Yes
What are the Fractions of Hydrocarbons from small to big? and Uses?
Refinery Gases - Bottled Gas Gasoline - Cars Kerosene - Jet Fuel Diesel - Lorries Fuel Oil- Ships Bitumen - Roads
What is Catlytic Cracking?
Involves Breaking down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules
What two things do Catalytic Cracking need?
Heat and Catalysts
What are the conditions needed for Catalytic Cracking?
SIlica
600-700 C’
Reasons for using catalysts?
Produces mixtures of shorter chained hydrocarbons
more useful and more demand
Also Produces Alkanes
Used to make Polymers
What is Combustion?
Combustion is the process of burning a fuel to produce thermal energy
Complete Combustion
When there is enough oxygen available
Fuel + Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide + Water
Methane + OXygen
Carbon Dioxide + Water
Test for water
Anhydrous Copper Sulfate White to Blue Also Limewater Colourless to Cloudy
Fuel + Oxygen
When there isn’t enough Oxygen
Carbon Monoxide + Water (and also soot (Carbon))
Why is Carbon Monoxide dangerous?
Reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen
Poisonous/toxic
How can we get rid of Carbon Monide within our body?
Replace Blood
Wait for old blood cells to die and produce new ones
H2O
How is it formed
Problems
Solutions
Combustion containing Hydrogen
N/a
N/a
SO2
How is it formed?
Problems
Solutions
When Sulfur reacts with Oxygen to make Sulfur Dioxide which reacts with the atmosphere to produce Sulfuric Acid Acid Rain Removing Sulfur from fuels Catalytic Converters for Cars Scrubbing
NO/NO2
How is it formed
Problems
Soultions?
When nitrogen reacts with oxygen to produce nitrogen oxide and then reacts with the atmosphere to produce sulfuric acid
Acid Rain
Scrubbing Gases from power stations and factories
Unburned Fuels
How is it Formed
Problems
Solution?
When fuels aren’t burnt
Wastes fuel and some fuels may be greenhouse gases
Make sure engine is well tuned
Co2
How Formed
Problems
Solutions
Produced from the combustion of hydrocarbons
Traps heat radiated from the Earth’s surface
Less COmbustion of Fossil Fuels
Co
How produced
Problems
Solutions
From incomplete combuction
Poisonous and toxic
Make sure there is a good supply of oxygen (good supply of air)
C
How is it formed
Problems
Solutions
From Incomplete Combustion
Diziness/ Poisonous, Global DImming, Blackened Buildings
Make sure there is enough Oxygen
Problems with acid rain?
Denatures plants
Kills trees and fish
Buildings corrode
What is a monomer?
A small simple molecule
What is a polymer?
A polymer is a large, long chained molecule, made from lots of monomers joined together
When does Addition Polymerisation occur?
When many monomers join together to forma long chained molecule. Polymers require no other products as well as high pressure and catalysts
Uses of Polyethene? (Low density)
pACKAGING
Use of Polyethene (High Density) ?
Acts as Chemical Barriers
Uses of PolyPropene?
Crates,Ropes and Carpets
Uses of Polychloroethene?
Insulation for electrical wires, windows and pipes.
Uses of Polytetrafluorene?
Non Sticking coat for pans, container for laboratory substances
Problems of Adddition Polymers?
Toxis
Non Biodegradable
Inert
What does Non Biodegradable mean?
Cannot be broken down naturally
Disposal Methods?
Landfill
Incineration
Advantages of Landfill?
No greenhouse gases or toxic gases produced
Cheap
Disadvantages of Landfill?
Ugly, Smelly, Noisy, and no one wants to live there
uses large amounts of area
Waste will be there for a long ti
Advantages of Incineration?
Requires Litlle space
Can produce heat fpr local home/offices and or electricity
Disadvantages of Incineration?
Expensive to Build and maintain
Produces Greenhouse Gases
Releases Toxic Gases
Ash produced goes to landfill sites
