Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

chemistry a level > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards
1
Q

Functional group

Functional group of a molecule is …

A

Functional group

Functional group of a molecule is the group of atoms that is responsible for its characteristics reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functional groups examples

A

Functional groups examples

Alcohols
Carboxylate acids
Allende

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

C atoms have _ bonds

H atoms have _ bond

O atoms have _ bonds joining them to other atoms

A

C atoms have 4 bonds

H atoms have 1 bond

O atoms have 2 bonds joining them to other atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of formula

A

Types of formula

Molecular
Structural
Displayed
Empirical
General formulas and homologous series
Skeletal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Molecular formula

A molecular formula gives …

E.g.

A

Molecular formula

A molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

E.g. ethane has the molecular formula C2H6 so each molecule is made up of 2 C atoms and 6 H atoms

1,4-dibromobutane has the molecular formula C4H8Br2 so each molecule is made up of 4 C atoms, 8 H atoms and 2 Br atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Structural formulas

A structural formula shows …

E.g.

A

Structural formulas

A structural formula shows the atoms carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups

E.g. Ethene - CH3CH3

Pent-1-ene - CH3CH2CH2CHCH2

1,4-dibromobutane - BrCH2CH2CH2CH2Br

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Displayed formula

A displayed formula shows ..

E.g. search the web

A

Displayed formula

A displayed formula shows how all the atoms are arranged, and the bonds between them

E.g. search the web

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Empirical formulas

An empirical formula gives …

To find the empirical formula you have to …

E.g. Ethene C2H6

1,3-dichloropropane C3H5Cl2

A

Empirical formulas

An empirical formula gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

To find the empirical formula you have to find the highest number that will go into each number in the molecular number then divide by it

E.g. Ethene C2H6 divide by 2 —> CH3

1,3-dichloropropane C3H5Cl2 cannot be divided so left the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

General formula and homologous series

A general formula is …

A homologous series is …

E.g. Alkanes …

A

General formula and homologous series

A general formula is an algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds

A homologous series is a family of compounds that have the same functional and general formula

E.g. Alkanes general formula: CnH2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Skeletal formulas

A skeletal formula shows …

Each junction represents …

You still have to show …

A double line represents …

A

Skeletal formulas

A skeletal formula shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups.

Each junction represents one C atom

You still have to show the atoms that aren’t C or H

A double line represents a C-C double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functional groups:

Alkane only have C and H atoms so they are ____

A

Functional groups:

Alkane only have C and H atoms so they are hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functional groups:

Every C atom in an alkane has 4 single bonds with other so they are ____

A

Functional groups:

Every C atom in an alkane has 4 single bonds with other atoms so they are unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functional groups:

Halogenoalkanes

Halogenoalkanes are similar in structure to alkanes except …

e.g. …

They have the prefix …

E.g. by replacing one H atom in methane with a Cl atom, you get ____

By replacing all the H atoms in propane with F atoms you get ____

A

Functional groups:

Halogenoalkanes

Halogenoalkanes are similar in structure to alkanes except at least one of the H atoms are replaced with a halogen atom e.g. F, Cl, Br
They have the prefix fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-.

E.g. by replacing one H atom in methane with a Cl atom, you get cloromethane

By replacing all the H atoms in propane with F atoms you get octafluoropropane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Functional groups:

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes have …

E.g.

A

Functional groups:

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes have a ring of C atoms with two H atoms attached to each C

E.g. Cyclopropane C3H6

Cyclohexane C6H12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Suffixes for alkyl groups up to 6 C’s long

Side chain length: 1
Suffix: ____

Side chain length: 2
Suffix: ____

Side chain length: 3
Suffix: ____

Side chain length:4
Suffix: ___

Side chain length:5
Suffix: ____

Side chain length:6
Suffix: hexyl-

A

Suffixes for alkyl groups up to 6 C’s long

Side chain length: 1
Suffix: methyl-

Side chain length: 2
Suffix: ethyl-

Side chain length: 3
Suffix: propyl-

Side chain length:4
Suffix: butyl-

Side chain length:5
Suffix: pentyl-

Side chain length:6
Suffix: hexyl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Functional groups:

Branched alkanes

A branched alkane is an alkane that …

They will have a main chain of C’s and …

These branches are called …

A

Functional groups:

Branched alkanes

A branched alkane is an alkane that doesn’t have all the C atoms in one straight chain.

They will have a main chain of C’s and one or more carbons coming off this main chain.

These branches are called alkyl groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functional groups:

Alkanes

An alkane is a …

The have the general formula ____

A

Functional groups:

Alkanes

An alkane is a hydrocarbon with a C-C double bond

The have the general formula CnH2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Functional groups:

Alcohols

Alcohols are ___ molecules that …

They have the suffix ____

General formula is ____

E.g.

A

Functional groups:

Alcohols

Alcohols are organic molecules that contain the -OH (hydroxyl) functional group.

They have the suffix -ol

General formula is CnH2n+1OH

E.g. methanol
Butan-2-ol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functional groups:

Aldehydes

In aldehydes, …

The suffix for aldehydes is ___

The general formula is written as ____
where R is just …

E.g.

A

Functional groups:

Aldehydes

In aldehydes, one end of the carbons has a double bond to an oxygen atom and one single bond to a hydrogen atom

The suffix for aldehydes is -al

The general formula is written as R-CHO
where R is just an alkyl group or a H atom

E.g. propanol

2-methylbutanal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Functional groups:

Ketones

Like aldehydes, ketones …

The general formula is written as ___

E.g.

A

Functional groups:

Ketones

Like aldehydes, ketones also contain the C=O bond, except it isn’t one of the end C’s.

The general formula is written as R-CO-R

E.g. propanone
Pentan-2-one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Functional groups:

Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids all contain …

It’s suffix is …

The general formula is written as ____, where R is …

E.g.

A

Functional groups:

Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids all contain the carboxylic functional group

It’s suffix is -oic acid

The general formula is written as R-COOH, where R is an alkyl group

E.g. methanols acid
2-methylpropanoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nomenclature

A

Nomenclature

Naming organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Straight chain alkanes

There are 2 parts to the name of a …

The first part (the stem) states …

The second part is always ___

It’s the “-ane”bit that lets people know …

E.g. if there are 5 carbons …
Because …

A

Straight chain alkanes

There are 2 parts to the name of a straight-chain alkane.

The first part (the stem) states how many Carbons there are in the molecule

The second part is always “-ane”

It’s the “-ane”bit that lets people know it’s an alkane

E.g. if there are 5 carbons the stem is ‘pent-‘
Because the alkane is called pentane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Branched alkanes

Branched alkanes have side chains. These are the carbon atoms that …

To name branched alkanes
Step 1) …
Step 2) …

Once you’ve done that you can name the side chains

The side chains are named According to … and …

If there’s more than one side chain in a molecule, you …
So but- groups come before eth- groups, which come before ____ groups

E.g. if the longest continuous carbon chain is 4 carbon atoms long, the stem is ____
And there’s one side chain with one carbon, it’s a ____ group.
And it’s also joined to the main carbon chain at the 2nd carbon atom, it’s a _ ____ group
So the alkane is called ___

A

Branched alkanes

Branched alkanes have side chains. These are the carbon atoms that aren’t part of the longest continuous chain.

To name branched alkanes
Step 1) count how many carbon atoms are in the longest chain
Step 2) work out the stem

Once you’ve done that you can name the side chains

The side chains are named According to how many carbon atoms they have and which carbon atom they are attached to.

If there’s more than one side chain in a molecule, you place them in alphabetical order. So but- groups come before eth- groups, which come before meth- groups

E.g. if the longest continuous carbon chain is 4 carbon atoms long, the stem is butane
And there’s one side chain with one carbon, it’s a methyl group.
And it’s also joined to the main carbon chain at the 2nd carbon atom, it’s a 2 methyl group
So the alkane is called 2-methylbutane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Branched alkanes

E.g.

If the longest carbon chain is 5 carbon atoms, the stem is called ____

There are two side chains

One side chain is a methyl group joined to the 2nd carbon atoms: ____

The other is an ethyl group (2 carbons) joined to the 3rd carbon atoms: ____

Side chains go in alphabetical order, so the alkane is ___

A

Branched alkanes

E.g.

If the longest carbon chain is 5 carbon atoms, the stem is called pentane

There are two side chains

One side chain is a methyl group joined to the 2nd carbon atoms: 2-methyl-

The other is an ethyl group (2 carbons) joined to the 3rd carbon atoms: 3-ethyl-

Side chains go in alphabetical order, so the alkane is 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Branched alkanes

If there are two or more side chains of the same type then you add a prefix of di- for two, tri- for three etc.

E.g. the longest carbon chain is 5 atoms long so the stem is ____

There’s an ethyl group on the 3rd carbon atom: ____

There are methyl groups on the second and the 4th carbon atoms: ____

The alkane is called ____

A

Branched alkanes

If there are two or more side chains of the same type then you add a prefix of di- for two, tri- for three etc.

E.g. the longest carbon chain is 5 atoms long so the stem is pentane

There’s an ethyl group on the 3rd carbon atom: 3-ethyl-

There are methyl groups on the second and the 4th carbon atoms: 2,4-dimethyl-

The alkane is called 3-ethyl-2,4-dim ethyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Alkyl groups

They are …

A

Alkyl groups

They are alkanes missing one hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cycloalkanes

If the cycloalkanes has an alkyl group attached, then just add the …

If there’s more than one alkyl group, then …, and the alkyl that’s first alphabetically goes on the ____

E.g. the carbon is 5 atoms long, so it’s a ____

There’s a methyl group and an ethyl group. Ethyl comes first alphabetically: ____

Depending on which way round the ring you count, the methyl is on the 3rd or 4th carbon
Make the numbers as low as possible: ____

So the molecule is ____

A

Cycloalkanes

If the cycloalkanes has an alkyl group attached, then just add the alkyl prefix

If there’s more than one alkyl group, then make the numbers as low as possible, and the alkyl that’s first alphabetically goes on the 1-carbon

E.g. the carbon is 5 atoms long, so it’s a cyclopentane

There’s a methyl group and an ethyl group. Ethyl comes first alphabetically: 1-ethyl

Depending on which way round the ring you count, the methyl is on the 3rd or 4th carbon
Make the numbers as low as possible: 3-methyl

So the molecule is 1-ethyl-3-methyl-cyclopentane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Naming other functional groups

The stem come from …

Prefixes and suffixes come from …

If you need to use a number to show the position of the functional group, …

A

Naming other functional groups

The stem come from the longest carbon chain that contains *the functional group

Prefixes and suffixes come from the functional groups as well as any alkyl side chains

If you need to use a number to show the position of the functional group, give the carbon which the functional group is on the lowest number possible.

30
Q

Naming other functional groups

E.g.

There are 3 carbons, so the stem is ____

It’s an ____ so the suffix is ____

So this is ____

The double bond must always be on …, so you don’t need …

A

Naming other functional groups

E.g.

There are 3 carbons, so the stem is prop-.

It’s an alkene so the suffix is -ene

So this is propene

The double bond must always be on the first carbon in propene, so you don’t need a number in the name

31
Q

Naming other functional groups

E.g.

This is an alkane with a straight chain of four carbon atoms - so it’s ____

The double is between the first and second carbon, so you say …

So the name of the molecule is ____

A

Naming other functional groups

E.g.

This is an alkane with a straight chain of four carbon atoms - so it’s butene

The double is between the first and second carbon, so you say it’s on the first carbon.

So the name of the molecule is but-1-ene

32
Q

Naming other functional groups

E.g.

This is also butene, but the double bond is between the second and third carbon atoms

So the name of the molecule is ____

A

Naming other functional groups

E.g.

This is also butene, but the double bond is between the second and third carbon atoms

So the name of the molecule is but-2-ene

33
Q

Naming other functional groups

If there’s more than one functional group you have to work out …

(Highest priority = 1)

1) .
2) .
3) .
4) .

The stem of the name then comes from …, and you number the carbons so that …

A

Naming other functional groups

If there’s more than one functional group you have to work out which one has the highest priority — this is the main functional group

(Highest priority = 1)

1) . Other functional groups (alkanes, halogenoalkanes, cycloalkanes, branched alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids)
2) . Alkenes
3) . Alkyl groups (alkane missing 1 H)
4) . Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine (I), Astatine(At))

The stem of the name then comes from the longest carbon chain containing the main functional group, and you number the carbons so that the main functional group has the lowest number possible.

34
Q

Naming other functional groups

This molecule has just one carbon chain, which is 3 atoms long, so the stem is ____

It’s got two functional groups, Cl and OH, so it needs a ____ prefix and an ____ suffix

The alcohol group has a higher priority than the chlorine, so number the carbons to give …

So this is ____

A

Naming other functional groups

This molecule has just one carbon chain, which is 3 atoms long, so the stem is prop-.

It’s got two functional groups, Cl and OH, so it needs a chlorine- prefix and an -ol suffix

The alcohol group has a higher priority than the chlorine, so number the carbons to give the alcohol the lowest number possible.

So this is 3-chloropropan-1-ol

35
Q

Naming other functional groups

The highest priority on this molecule is the CHO group, so it’s an ____, and the suffix is ____

The longest carbon chain containing the CHO group is 4 atoms long, so the stem is ____

Number the carbons in this chain starting from the carbonyl group , as it has …

Both the methyl groups are on the second carbon: ____

The chlorine atom is on the 4th carbon: ____
_____ comes Before methyl- alphabetically

So the molecule is ____

A

Naming other functional groups

The highest priority on this molecule is the CHO group, so it’s an aldehyde, and the suffix is -al

The longest carbon chain containing the CHO group is 4 atoms long, so the stem is but-

Number the carbons in this chain starting from the carbonyl group, as it has the highest priority

Both the methyl groups are on the second carbon: 2,2-dimethyl

The chlorine atom is on the 4th carbon: 4-chloro

Chloro- comes Before methyl- alphabetically

So the molecule is 4-chloro-2,2-dimethylbutanal

36
Q

Naming other functional groups

The highest priority functional group here is the ketone.

The longest carbon chain containing the ketone is 5 atoms long, so the stem is ___

It’s a ketone, so the suffix is a ___. It’s also an alkene , so it ends ‘___’ instead of ‘___’

Number the longest chain so that the carbonyl group has …: ___

The C=C double bond is between the 4th and the 5th carbons: ___

The molecule is called ____

A

Naming other functional groups

The highest priority functional group here is the ketone.

The longest carbon chain containing the ketone is 5 atoms long, so the stem is pent-

It’s a ketone, so the suffix is a -one. It’s also an alkene , so it ends ‘-enone’ instead of ‘-anone’

Number the longest chain so that the carbonyl group has as low number as possible: -2-one

The C=C double bond is between the 4th and the 5th carbons: -4-ene

The molecule is called pent-4-en-2-one

37
Q

Isomers

A

Isomers

Two molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different chemical arrangement in space

38
Q

Structural isomers

A

Structural isomers

These have the same molecular formula but the atoms at connected in different ways

39
Q

Structural isomers

Chain isomers

Chain isomers have the same …

Some are straight chains and others …

A

Structural isomers

Chain isomers

Chain isomers have the same functional groups but different arrangements of the carbon skeleton

Some are straight chains and others are branched in different ways

40
Q

Chain isomers examples

There are 2 chain isomers of C4H10, the straight-chain isomer, butane and the branched-isomer, methylpropane.

Butane- the longest carbon chain is 4

Methylpropane- 3 carbons

P. 193

A

Chain isomers examples

There are 2 chain isomers of C4H10, the straight-chain isomer, butane and the branched-isomer, methylpropane.

Butane- the longest carbon chain is 4

Methylpropane- 3 carbons

P. 193

41
Q

Position isomers

Position isomers have the …

The difference is that …

A

Position isomers

Position isomers have the same skeleton and the same atoms or groups of atoms attached.

The difference is that the atoms or groups of atoms are attached to different carbon atoms

42
Q

Position isomers examples

There are 2 position isomers of C4H9Cl

The chlorine atom is attached to different carbon atoms in each isomer

In 1-chlorine-butane the Cl is attached to the first carbon atom

In 2-chlorobutane, the Cl is attached to the second carbon

P.193/194

A

Position isomers examples

There are 2 position isomers of C4H9Cl

The chlorine atom is attached to different carbon atoms in each isomer

In 1-chlorine-butane the Cl is attached to the first carbon atom

In 2-chlorobutane, the Cl is attached to the second carbon

P.193/194

43
Q

Functional group isomers

…

E.g.

C6H12 has 2 functional group isomers

In hex-1-ene the functional group is the C=C - it’s an alkene

In cyclohexane, the molecule is an alkane

P. 194

A

Functional group isomers

Functional group isomers have the same atoms arranged into different functional groups

E.g.

C6H12 has 2 functional group isomers

In hex-1-ene the functional group is the C=C - it’s an alkene

In cyclohexane, the molecule is an alkane

P. 194

44
Q

Identifying isomers

Atoms can rotate as much as the like around single C-C bonds

E.g.

There are only 2 position isomers of C3H7Br

They are 1-bromopropane and 2-bromipropane

In 1-bromopropane, the Br is always on the first carbon atom

All these molecules are the same just drawn differently

In 2-bromopropane, the Br is always on the second carbon atom

P.194

A

Identifying isomers

Atoms can rotate as much as the like around single C-C bonds

E.g.

There are only 2 position isomers of C3H7Br

They are 1-bromopropane and 2-bromipropane

In 1-bromopropane, the Br is always on the first carbon atom

All these molecules are the same just drawn differently

In 2-bromopropane, the Br is always on the second carbon atom

P.194

45
Q

Conditions for a reaction to happen:

A

Conditions for a reaction to happen:

1
The correct part of the molecule must collide
2
The molecules must collide with enough energy to react

46
Q

“Steric factor” is just a complex phrase to describe ..

A

“Steric factor” is just a complex phrase to describe how the location of a collision is important.

47
Q

What information is contained within enthalpy profile diagrams?

A

What information is contained within enthalpy profile diagrams?

1
Relative enthalpies of reactants and products
2
Activation energy
3
Overall enthalpy change
48
Q

The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of Energies

The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of energies is a graph showing…

A

The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of Energies

The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of energies is a graph showing the energy distribution of all the molecules in a gas.

49
Q

The Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

… is on the y-axis.

… is on the x-axis.

A

The Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

The number of molecules is on the y-axis.

The kinetic energy of the molecules is on the x-axis.

50
Q

The Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

The origin

No molecules have zero energy, so …

A

The origin

No molecules have zero energy, so the curve passes through the origin at (0,0).

51
Q

The Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

The peak

There is a peak in the middle.

This represents …

There are more molecules with this energy than …

A

The Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

The peak

There is a peak in the middle.

This represents the most likely energy of any molecule.

There are more molecules with this energy than with any other energy.

52
Q

The Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

The area under the graph

The area under the graph gives …

You can think of this as like adding up the number of molecules with every particular energy.

A

The Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

The area under the graph

The area under the graph gives the total number of molecules.

You can think of this as like adding up the number of molecules with every particular energy.

53
Q

The Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

Molecule energies

The average energy is …

The tail of the graph is …

This means it tends to zero, but …

This reflects that there is a …

A

The Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

Molecule energies

The average energy is to the right of the right of the peak.

The tail of the graph is asymptotic to the x-axis.

This means it tends to zero, but never touches the x-axis.

This reflects that there is a small possibility of having a very high energy molecule.

54
Q

The Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

Activation energies

We can mark the activation energy on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.

This allows us to view the number of molecules …

On the left-hand side of the activation energy mark, molecules …

On the right-hand side, molecules …

A

The Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

Activation energies

We can mark the activation energy on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.

This allows us to view the number of molecules with the energy to react.

On the left-hand side of the activation energy mark, molecules have less energy than the activation energy and so they can’t react.

On the right-hand side, molecules have more energy than the activation energy and so they can react.

55
Q

Effect of Heat on the Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution

Remember, the area under the graph is the number of molecules.

Heating can’t increase the area of the graph.
Only adding new molecules can do that.

But, heating does increase …

We see that heating the reaction moves the maximum to the ___

But it also lowers …

A

Effect of Heat on the Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution

Remember, the area under the graph is the number of molecules.

Heating can’t increase the area of the graph.
Only adding new molecules can do that.

But, heating does increase the average energy of the molecules.

We see that heating the reaction moves the maximum to the right.

But it also lowers the number of particles with that energy.

56
Q

If we raise the temperature, the curve on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

(3)

A

If we raise the temperature, the curve on the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

(3)

Has a peak which lies further right

Has the same area

Has a shorter peak

57
Q

Catalysis increases the reaction rate.

… has a lower activation energy so a greater proportion of molecules can …

A

Catalysis increases the reaction rate.

The new reaction pathway has a lower activation energy so a greater proportion of molecules can successfully collide

58
Q

Theory behind increasing pressure:

1

2

3

4

A

Theory behind increasing pressure:

1
Using ideal gas law: pV = nRT
2
Increasing pressure reduces the volume of the gas
3
So molecules are closer together
4
So molecules will collide more frequently
59
Q

In Enthalpy profiles you can see both reaction pathways.

The catalytic pathway has a …

The hump represents the …

So the catalytic pathway has a lower …

A

In Enthalpy profiles you can see both reaction pathways.

The catalytic pathway has a lower hump.

The hump represents the activation energy.

So the catalytic pathway has a lower activation energy.

60
Q

Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

Here you can see the different activation energies for each pathway.

Some molecules can use the …

Some molecules can use the … nut not …

Some molecules …

Overall, the catalytic pathway can be used by …

More molecules have enough ____ to react via …

A

Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

Here you can see the different activation energies for each pathway.

Some molecules can use the old pathway.

Some molecules can use the new pathway but not the old pathway

Some molecules can’t use any.

Overall, the catalytic pathway can be used by more molecules.

More molecules have enough energy to react via the catalysed pathway.

61
Q

Increasing Temperature

It raises … but lowers …

This gives more molecules energy …

This means more …

So the rate ____

… also increases the number of collisions

So heating increases rate through …

A

Increasing Temperature

It raises the average energy but lowers the peak of the graph.

This gives more molecules energy greater than or equal to the activation energy.

This means more collisions will have the energy to react.

So the rate increases.

Heating the mixture also increases the number of collisions.

So heating increases rate through two pathways.

62
Q

Changing concentration

In solution, the majority of collisions a solute particle experiences will be with ____

We want more of these collisions to be with the other ____, as then the …

By increasing the concentration of the solution, we increase the …

There will be more …

The rate …

A

Changing concentration

In solution, the majority of collisions a solute particle experiences will be with water.

We want more of these collisions to be with the other reactant, as then the rate will increase.

By increasing the concentration of the solution, we increase the number of collisions that happen between reactants.

There will be more successful collisions.

The rate will increase.

63
Q

Bromine is used as a test for the presence of alkenes.

If an alkene is present, the colour of the bromine water will change from … to what?

A

Bromine is used as a test for the presence of alkenes.

If an alkene is present, the colour of the bromine water will change from light orange to what?

colourless

64
Q

What is the name of the addition polymer used in bulletproof armour?

A

What is the name of the addition polymer used in bulletproof armour?

Kevlar

65
Q

Why are addition polymers unreactive?

A

Why are addition polymers unreactive?

the carbon chian is saturated and the side chains are usually non polar

66
Q

Which of the following would make a polymer less rigid?

A

Which of the following would make a polymer less rigid?

adding branches to the polymer

67
Q

whats a tertiary alcohol

A

A tertiary alcohol is one which has three carbons bonded to the carbon bonded to the functional group.
E.g. 2-methyl-propan-2-ol.

68
Q

whats a secondary alcohol

A

A secondary alcohol is one which has two carbons bonded to the carbon bonded to the functional group.
E.g. propan-2-ol.

69
Q

whats a primary alcohol

A

A primary alcohol is one which has one carbon bonded to the carbon bonded to the functional group.
E.g. ethanol.

70
Q

two ways of making ethanol?

A

two ways of making ethanol?

fermentation
c6h12o6—-> 2co2 +2ch3ch2oh

(glucose—->2co2+ethanol

hydration of ethene
ch2=ch2 +h20—> ch3ch2oh
ethene +h2o—->ethanol

71
Q

fermentaion is done by using…

A

fermentaion is done by using yeast

as yeast catalyses this reaction

chemistry a level (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions