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GCSE Chemistry - Paper 2 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil made out of?

A

Hydrocarbons.

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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that are made of only carbon and hydrogen.

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3
Q

What is the formula for an Alkane?

A

Cn H2n+2

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4
Q

What is the formula for an Alkene?

A

Cn H2n

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5
Q

What is the formula for an Alcohol?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

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6
Q

What is the formula for a Carboxylic Acid?

A

Cn H2n+1 COOH

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7
Q

What is viscosity?

A

How thick a fluid/substance is.

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8
Q

What factors increase or decrease as you go up a fractional distillation column?

A
  • The hydrocarbon chain length decreases (gets shorter)
  • The boiling points decrease
  • The ease of ignition increases
  • Viscosity decreases (become less thick)
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9
Q

What is the purpose behind fractional distillation?

A

It separates crude oil (which is a mixture of lots of different hydrocarbons) into smaller and more useful mixtures.

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10
Q

How can you identify an alkane through its properties?

A
  • The suffix of its name is ‘ane’
  • It contains a single bond between the carbons
  • The formula (Cn H2n+2)
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11
Q

How can you test for an alkane?

A

Place the substance in bromine water.

The bromine water will stay orange/brown (experience no colour change) because alkanes are saturated.

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12
Q

How can you identify an alkene through its properties?

A
  • The suffix of its name is ‘ene’
  • It contains a double bond
  • The formula (Cn H2n)
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13
Q

How can you test for an alkene?

A

Place the substance in bromine water.

The bromine water will turn colourless because alkenes are unsaturated.

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14
Q

How can you identify alcohol through its properties?

A
  • The suffix of its name is ‘anol’
  • It contains an OH (hydroxide) group
  • The formula (Cn H2n+1 OH)
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15
Q

How can you test for alcohol?

A

Alcohols combust very well:

- They react with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water

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16
Q

How can you identify a carboxylic acid through its properties?

A
  • The suffix of its name is ‘anoic’
  • It contains a COOH (carboxyl) group
  • The formula (Cn H2n+1 COOH)
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17
Q

How can you test for a carboxylic acid?

A
  • React with carbonate to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide.
  • React with magnesium (and other reactive metals) to produce a salt and hydrogen
  • Universal Indicator will turn red - yellow because it is an acid.
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18
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion?

A

Fuel + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water

19
Q

What is the equation for incomplete combustion?

A

Fuel + Oxygen –> Carbon + Carbon Manoxide + Water

20
Q

How does incomplete combustion occur?

A

When the oxygen supply is limited.

21
Q

What are the health hazards of incomplete combustion?

A

Carbon monoxide is toxic: It binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells, preventing oxygen from binding, suffocating our cells and ourselves.
Soot is dangerous to breathe in: Soot is tiny carbon particles. This is harmful to breathe in and causes respiratory problems, which are worse for asthmatic people.

22
Q

What is the equation for hydrogen combustion?

A

Hydrogen + Oxygen = Water (vapour)

23
Q

What are the benefits of using hydrogen as a fuel?

A
  • Burns easily
  • Does not produce ash or smoke (produces water vapour)
  • Releases nearly 3 times as much energy per kg as petrol.
24
Q

What are the disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel?

A
  • Is a gas, so it has to be stored at high pressures.

- Filling stations around the world would have to be adapted for hydrogen cars.

25
Q

How can hydrogen be produced in a car?

A

Electrolysis of water.

26
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process where we break down long hydrocarbons into smaller and more useful hydrocarbons.

27
Q

What are the 2 methods of cracking?

A
  • Catalytic cracking

- Steam cracking

28
Q

How does catalytic cracking work?

A
  • Uses a temperature of about 550°C

- Use of a catalyst; for example, a porous pot catalyst

29
Q

Why do we crack hydrocarbons?

A

There is a higher demand than supply of shorter hydrocarbons, so we crack longer chains.

30
Q

What is a polymer (addition polymer)?

A

A substance that is made up of small repeating units (alkenes).

31
Q

For example, what is Poly(ethene) made of?

A

A combination of many ethene molecules (monomers).

32
Q

What does a repeating unit look like?

A 
[  H    H  ]
 [   ¦      ¦   ]
-[- C -- C -]-
 [   ¦      ¦   ]
 [  H    H  ]
33
Q

What are condensation polymers?

A

Polyesters that form an ester link.

34
Q

What two monomers do polyesters need?

A
  • A molecule containing two carboxylic acid groups (COOH)

- A molecule containing two alcohol groups (OH)

35
Q

How does condensation polymerisation work?

A
  • Two different monomers react together to form a water molecule
    • The other molecule has a carboxylic acid group and an alcohol group
    • These groups can react with more monomers, which forms a long polyester molecule.
36
Q

Give examples of biological polymers.

A
  • DNA (nucleotides)
  • Proteins (amino acids)
  • Starch (sugar/glucose)
37
Q

What are the disadvantages of manufacturing polymers?

A
  • Crude oil is a finite resource
  • It is non-renewable
  • Often imported (costs and supply vary)
38
Q

What does ‘biodegradable’ mean?

A

A material that will eventually rot away because microbes feed on them.

39
Q

What are the disadvantages of disposing of polymers?

A
  • Landfill sites (running out of the land, not biodegradable, lasts for years)
  • Burning (releases toxic gases when they burn)
40
Q

What are the advantages of disposing of polymers?

A
  • Recycling (can be melted and moulded into new objects)

- Biodegradable polymers are being developed.

41
Q

What are nanoparticles?

A

A substance that contains only a few hundred atoms.

42
Q

What are nanoparticles useful for?

A
  • sunscreens (absorb harmful UV light from the sun)
  • lightweight strong materials (carbon nanotubes)
  • future drug delivery systems (buckyballs - hollow balls of carbon atoms)
43
Q

What are the hazards associated with nanoparticles?

A
  • Can be breathed in, absorbed through the skin or transported into cells.
  • They take a long time to break down
  • They attract toxic substances to their surfaces
44
Q

What is the equation for surface area: volume ratio?

A

total surface area
s.f : v ratio = ——————————–
volume

GCSE Chemistry - Paper 2 (4 decks)

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