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Chemistry IGCSE > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

To learn organic chemistry

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1
Q

Describe the purpose of fuels

A

Fuels release energy when they combust (burn) in oxygen. This energy released can be used to do work; for example, power a car.

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2
Q

What are the three most important type of fuels. Describe the primary chemical composition of each of them.

A
  1. Coal is mainly carbon
  2. Natural gas is mainly methane.
  3. Petroleum is primarily a mixture of hydrocarbons
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3
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

Sources of energy (fuels) that are formed over many years from dead plants and animals.

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4
Q

What does non-renewable fuels mean?

A

That once they have been used, would run out.

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5
Q

When fuels are burned, a gas is released. Name it.

This gas also affects that environment in some way, how does it do so?

A

Carbon dioxide is released from the compete combustion of fuels in air. It is a green house gas and is said to be a cause of climate change.

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6
Q

What are Hydrocarbons?

A

are molecules containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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7
Q

Which method of separation is used to separate petroleum into hydrocarbons.

A

Fractional Distillation.

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8
Q

In the fractional distillation of Petroleum, fractions are formed. name the eight of them, and

A
  1. Refinery gases : bottled and used for home and cooking.
  2. Gasoline: petrol for cars.
  3. Naphtha: making chemicals.
  4. Kerosene/paraffin: jet fuel.
  5. Diesel oil/gas oil: diesel engine fuel for buses and lorries.
  6. Lubricating oil: lubricants, waxes and polishes.
  7. Bitumen: making road surfaces.
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9
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation of Petroleum. Describe the state of each fraction and how it is collected.

A
  1. Petroleum is heated to 350 degrees and enters the fractionating column. The hydrocarbons separate into fractions with similar boiling points.
  2. The fractionating column is coolest at the top. fractions with the lowest boiling points travel up the column before condensing.
  3. Hydrocarbons with smallest molecules rise to the top and stay as gases.(Propane and Butane)
  4. The largest molecules of petroleum separate as solids and are drawn off at the bottom of the column. This is known as the bitumen fraction
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10
Q

What is the trend seen, going up the fractionating column? [4]

A
  1. They have fewer carbon atoms.
  2. Are less viscous (sticky) and flow more easily.
  3. Have lower boiling points.
  4. Are more flammable (ignite more easily)
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11
Q

what is cracking?

A

It is the breakdown of larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller hydrocarbon molecules.

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12
Q

What are the properties of the lower fractions (bitumen fraction) that make them less useful than those at the top of the column.

A
  1. Too viscous (sticky)

2. Do not catch fire easily; limits different purposes that it ca be used for.

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13
Q

How is cracking carried out?

A

Usually, by heating the hydrocarbon with a catalyst.
For example, Decane - heat/ catalyst > octane + ethane.
[The hydrocarbons can break anywhere and smaller hydrocarbons can be produced, too]

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14
Q

During cracking, a gas is released that is used for to manufacture ammonia in the Haber process. Name it.

A

Hydrogen.

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15
Q

What is a fraction?

A

A collection of hydrocarbon compounds that have similar properties and boiling points. They distill off at the same position in the fractionating column.

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16
Q

what are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

are molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only, where all the carbons atoms in the molecule are bonded with only single bonds.

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17
Q

What is a homologous series?

A
  • are a family of similar compounds, with similar chemical properties, due to the presence of the same functional group.
  • The compounds in a homologous series have the same general formula and each member differs from the next by a CH2 group.
  • There is a gradual change in the physical properties as the number of carbon atoms increase.
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18
Q

What are functional groups?

A

are the atoms or group of atoms, responsible for the characteristic reactions of a molecule.

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19
Q

What are Alkanes?

A

They are:

  • saturated hydrocarbons.
  • are a homologous series.
  • Do not have functional groups. They only have C-C and H-H bonds.
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20
Q

Name the alkanes containing 1-4 carbon atoms

A
  1. Methane: CH4
  2. Ethane: C2H6
  3. Propane: C3H8
  4. Butane: C4H10
    [Remember structural formulas and now how to draw all of them, showing the covalent bonds]
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21
Q

What is the general formula of Alkanes?

A

CnH(2n+2)

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22
Q

There is a gradual change in the physical properties of compounds in the homologous series. One of which is their melting point that increases as the number of carbon atoms increase. Why is this?

A

Due to an increase in the relative molecular mass,Mr and the length of the molecules.

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23
Q

Why do all Alkanes have similar chemical properties?

A

They all have similar C-H and C-C bonds.

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24
Q

What are the common characteristics of all compounds in a homologous series? [4]

A
  • General formula.
  • Each member differs between each other by a Ch2 group.
  • There is a gradual change in their physical properties.
  • They all have similar chemical properties as they have the same functional groups.
25
Q

What is a structural Isomerism [2]

A

-are molecules that share the same molecular formula but have different structural formulas.

26
Q

Explain why Methane, Ethane and Propane are not structural isomers but Butane is not one.

A

Carbon has four covalent bonds.
Hydrogen forms only one.
Methane, Ethane and Propane have only one way of arranging the atoms in their molecules.
But Butane can be rearranged to form methylpropane, making it a structural isomer.

27
Q

Describe the reactivity of Alkanes.

A

They a partly unreactive because their C-H and C-C covalent bonds are very strong and require a great deal of energy to break.
However, they do burn in oxygen and air.

28
Q

What process to Alkanes go under, with plentiful supply of oxygen and air?
What are the products of that reaction?

A

Complete combustion.

Carbon dioxide and water.

29
Q

Why are Alkanes classified as fuels?

A

Because they release a large amount of heat energy when they burn. This energy can be converted and used for work.

30
Q

What process do Alkanes under go with a limited supply of oxygen and air?
What is the product of this?
Describe this product

A

Incomplete combustion.
Carbon Monoxide.
Is one of the pollutants from car engines. It is also a poisonous gas that stops blood from carrying oxygen.

31
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

a reaction in which one atom is swapped for another atom, or group of atoms, in a molecule.

32
Q

Describe in terms of hydrogen atoms, the reaction between Methane and chlorine.

A

It is swapped for the chlorine atom to form chloromethane.

33
Q

What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

is a molecule made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only, containing a C=C double bond. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

34
Q

what is the condition required for substitution reactions?

A

The presence of ultraviolet light (UV)

35
Q

What are Alkenes?

A
  1. Are unsaturated hydrocarbons

2. Are a homologous series of compounds

36
Q

How can Alkenes be manufactured?

A

By the cracking of larger hydrocarbon molecules using heat and a catalyst.

37
Q

Name a common by-product of cracking?

A

Hydrogen

38
Q

Hydrogen is produced in cracking.

What is it used for?

A

Much of the hydrogen produced is used for the Haber process to manufacture Ammonia.

39
Q

How do all Alkenes end their names with?

A

with -ene

40
Q

name 2 types of butene.

A
  1. but-1-ene

2. But-2-ene

41
Q

What is the differnce between But-1-ene and But-2-ene?

A

But-1-ene has the C=C between te=he first and second carbon atoms, while But-2-ene has it between the second and third carbons.

42
Q

What is the test between saturated and unsaturated Hydrocarbons?

A
  • Add bromine water
  • unsaturated hydrocarbons make i go from orange to colorless
  • Saturated hydrocarbon do not make it change colour.
43
Q

What is the general formula of an Alkene?

A

C2H2n

44
Q

What change is physical property is seen as the number of carbon molecules increase in an Alkene?

A

The melting and boiling points increase.

45
Q

What makes Alkenes reactive?

A

The C=C

46
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Is when he two molecules react together to form one larger molecule with no other products.

47
Q

What happens to the bonds in Alkenes in an addition reaction?

A

the double bond breaks and the molecules add across it.

48
Q

What happens in the addition reaction of bromine to ethene?

A

1,2-dibromoethene will form.

49
Q

What happens in the addition reaction of Hydrogen to ethene?

A

The Alkane will form.

It forms ethane.

50
Q

What happens in the addition reaction of Hydrogen to ethene?

A

The alcohol form.

It forms ethanol.

51
Q

What is the reaction used to manufacture ethanol?

A

ethene + steam -> ethanol

52
Q

What are the conditions required to manufacture ethanol from ethene by an addition reaction?

A
  1. High temperature
  2. High pressure
  3. A phosphoric acid catalyst
53
Q

What is a polymer?

A

They are large molecules built up from small units called monomers.

54
Q

What type of compound of poly(ethene)?

A

A polymer.

55
Q

What is the monomer of polythene?

A

ethene.

56
Q

what is the conditions required to be be provided for the polymerization of ethene?

A
  1. High pressure

2. Catalyst.

57
Q

What is addition polymerization?

A

Is when all monomers join together to form the polymer and there are no other products.

58
Q

What is a repeat unit?

A

It is the smallest complete unit from which the polymer is made.

59
Q

Why do all alcohols have the same chemical properties?

A

Because they have the alcohol functional group

Chemistry IGCSE (10 decks)

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