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organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

formula for alkanes

A

c-c

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2
Q

formula for alkenes

A

c=c

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3
Q

formula for haloalkane

A

c-x

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4
Q

formula for alcohol

A

c-oh

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5
Q

formula for aldehyde

A
  • c=o

- h

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6
Q

formula for ketone

A

-c(=o)-

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7
Q

formula for carboxylic acid

A
  • c=o

- oh

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8
Q

formula for esters

A

-c(=o)-o-

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9
Q

cyclohexene with alternate double bonds =

A

benzene/phenyl

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10
Q

e/z - which is which side of double bond

A

zed is on ze zame zide
therefore
e is opposite sides of double bond

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11
Q

cis/trans

A 
cis = sisters = same side 
trans = latin = across = opposite sides
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12
Q

what is homolytic fisson

A

each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals

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13
Q

what is heterolytic fisson

A

one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair

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14
Q

radical substitution of alkanes example

A

ch4 +cl2 (UV LIGHT) - ch3cl + hcl

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15
Q

initiation reaction of radical substitution example

A

cl2 (+UV LIGHT) - 2cl radicals

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16
Q

propagation reactions of radical substitution example

A

ch4 + cl radical - radical ch3 +hcl

radical ch3 + cl2 - ch3cl +cl radical

17
Q

termination reactions of radical substitution example

A

radical ch3 +cl radical - ch3cl
cl radical + cl radical - cl2
radical ch3 + radical ch3 - ch3ch3

18
Q

possible side products of radical substitution example

A

could produce any of possible isomers
multiple substitutions can happen
products of termination reactions could also be halogenated

19
Q

what is a sigma bond

A

a sigma bond is formed by the overlap of orbital directly between the bonding atoms. they are free to rotate

20
Q

what happens to boiling points of straight chain alkanes as their length increases

A

boiling points increase

  • as chain length increases, number of electrons in the molecule increases
  • van der Waals forces (London) increase
  • more energy required to overcome intermolecular forces
21
Q

what happens to boiling point as isomeric alkanes become more branched

A

boiling point decreases

  • although same number of electrons, branched isomers have a smaller surface area for the london forces to act through
  • smaller attraction between molecules
  • boiling point decreases
22
Q

what are the two reaction of alkanes

A

radical substitution

combustion (complete or incomplete)

23
Q

what are the products of complete combustion

A

co2 +h2o

24
Q

what are the products of incomplete combustion

A

co + h2o

25
Q

why aren’t alkanes very reactive

A

high c-h bond enthalpy and bond is of low polarity

26
Q

what is the problem with incomplete combustion

A

production of poisonous co. bonds with haemoglobin preferentially to oxygen

27
Q

what dissolves what

A

like dissolves like!

polar dissolves polar and unpolar dissolves unpolar

28
Q

what is a pi bond

A

sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the plane of the bonding carbon atoms

29
Q

what is a double bond

A

a pi bond and a sigma bond

30
Q

which is stronger a sigma bond or pi

A

sigma. pi = 265, sigma = 347. together = 612

31
Q

what is electrophilic addition

A

the addition of an electrophile to another molecule

32
Q

what is an electrophile

A

an electron pair acceptor

33
Q

what are the conditions needed for ethene +water(steam) - ethanol

A

h3po4 catalyst (phosphoric acid)
300degreesC
65atm

34
Q

which is the more likely carbocation to be formed

A

tertiary>secondary>primary as tertiary is most stable therefore tertiary is most likely to be major product form hydrohalogenation

35
Q

what is hydohalogentation

A

addition of hydrogen and a halogen eg hcl to an alkene to form a haloalkane

36
Q

what is hydrogenation

A

addition of hydrogen to an alkene to form an alkane

37
Q

what is a stereoisomer

A

a compound with the same structural formula but a different arrangement in space

38
Q

what is an isomer

A

a compound with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

Chemistry (7 decks)

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