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IGCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is CRUDE OIL?

A

Crude oil is unprocessed oil

a mixture of hydrocarbons w/ different chain lengths

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2
Q

What is a fraction in fractional distillation?

A

A fraction is a group of hydrocarbons w/similar chain lengths so will have similar temperature ranges

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3
Q

What hydrocarbons catch fire easily

A

Smaller hydrocarbons catch fire more easily

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4
Q

What are ALKANES

A

saturated hydrocarbons
single covalent bond C-C

methane
ethane
propane
butane

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5
Q

Who burns well alkanes or alkenes?

A

ALKANES BURN WELL 🔥

alkane + oxygen —> CO2 + water

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6
Q

This thing only reacts with halogens WITH UV LIGHT, what is it?

A

ALKANES only react w/ halogens w: UV LIGHT

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7
Q

What are ALKENES?

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons
double covalent bonds C=C

ethene
propene
butene

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8
Q

What is the general formula of ALKENES

A

C(n)H(2n)

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9
Q

What is the general formula of ALKANES

A

C(n) H(2n+2)

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10
Q

Do alkanes or alkenes react with halogens WITHOUT UV LIGHT?

A

Alkenes react with halogens to form HALOALKANES

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11
Q

empirical formula

A

simplest whole no. ratio of atoms in a compound

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12
Q

molecular formula

A

actual no. of atoms in a molecule

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13
Q

homologous series

A

Series of compound w/ similar chemical properties

Cos they have the same FUNCTIONAL GROUP + general formula

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14
Q

Functional group

A

an atom/ group of atoms that determine chemical properties of a compound (how it reacts)

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15
Q

Structural isomerism

A

Are 2 molecules that have the same molecular formula but DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FORMULA

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16
Q

If the functional group is in a different place on a type of isomer what properties does it change?

A

The two isomers will have different physical properties (temperature)

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17
Q

Give the order of carbon stems:

A 
Meth-
Eth-
Prop-
But-
Pent-
Hex-
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18
Q

Does ethene or propene have isomers?

A

NOOOOOO

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19
Q

What does the side chain CH3 code for?

A

METHYL = CH3

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20
Q

What does the side chain CH3CH2 code for?

A

CH3CH2 = ethyl

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21
Q

Give word equation for the complete combustion of an alkane in a good supply of o2

A

Alkane + oxygen —> co2 + water

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22
Q

Give word equation for alkane burnt in poor supply of o2:

A

alkane + oxygen —> carbon + water

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23
Q

Give the molecular formula for PROPANE

A

C3H8 = propane

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24
Q

Give the molecular formula for butane

A

C4H10

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25
Q

Give the molecular formula of butene

A

C4H8 = butene

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26
Q

What happens when ethene is mixed with bromine water

A

Colour change— solution goes from orange 🔶 to colourless ⬜️

Cos alkenes react with halogens to form haloalkanes

It’s an addition reaction (cos C=C double bond split and a halogen atom added)

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27
Q

What happens when u burn a hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> CO2 + water

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28
Q

As the hydrocarbon molecules get bigger, what happens to the intermolecular forces

A

As the number of C atoms in a hydrocarbon increase ~ the intermolecular forces become STRONGER

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29
Q

What is a fuel

A

A substance which releases HEAT energy when burnt

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30
Q

Give 2 environmental problems associated w/ burning fossil fuels

A

1) CO + soot
=> carbon sinks toxic to environment

2) ACID RAIN
=> NO2, NO produced cos temps so high when heating crude oil
(that nitrogen reacts with oxygen in the air)

=> SO2+ water vapour makes lakes acidic for fish 🎣

31
Q

What is CRACKING

A

when longer chain hydrocarbons are broken up into shorter chain (more useful) hydrocarbs

32
Q

Give 4 ways in which smaller hydrocarbons are more useful than larger ones:

A

Small hydrocarbons have

  • low b.p.
  • catch fire easily
  • have a clean flame
  • are runny
33
Q

What conditions are needed to “crack” a long chain alkane into a shorter chain alkane + what ?

A

Long chain alkane +
HEAT 600*c + catalyst
——> shorter alkane + Alkene

34
Q

What is the difference between thermal cracking and catalytic cracking

A

Both require catalyst BUT

catalytic cracking is at low temp whereas thermal cracking is at high temp

35
Q

What is the alcohol functional group

A

-OH

36
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols

A

C(n)H(2n+1) OH

37
Q

How can the oxidation of ethanol be shown in a lab

A

ethanol + POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (VI) catalyst in sulfuric acid

Heat in water bath

It turns into ethanoic acid

Like 🍷 turns into vinegar (this is just in a lab)

38
Q

Give the molecular formula of methanol

A

CH4O

39
Q

What does the oxidation of alcohol produce and what functional group does this product belong to

A

Ethanol—> ETHANOIC ACID (carboxylate acid)

40
Q

Write a word equation for when u burn an alcohol

A

alcohol + oxygen —> co2 + water

41
Q

What is a biofuel

A

A fuel made from biological sources (e.g. sugar cane)

42
Q

Explain why something is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

Because it
• has a double bond = unsaturated
• is made C and H atoms only

43
Q

Give the order of hydrocarbons produced from crude oil from top to bottom

A

1) refinery gases
2) gasoline
3) kerosene
4) diesel oil
5) fuel oil
6) BITUMEN

r… gkdfb

44
Q

Why are alkanes described as saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Because Alkanes contain only C-C single bonds

45
Q

What happens when u burn an alkane

A

Alkane + oxygen —> CO2 + water

46
Q

Why are alkenes classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Because they contain a C=C double bond

47
Q

Why is a reaction between an ALKENE and a halogen called an ADDITION REACTION

A

Because when a haloalkane forms the C=C double bond splits and a halogen atom is ADDED

48
Q

ALKENE + oxygen—>

A

ALKENE + oxygen —> co2 + water

49
Q

What happens when an ALKENE reacts with water

A

Water + alkene—> alcohol

50
Q

What is the catalyst and temperature for the hydration of ethene

A

Phosphoric acid

300*C

51
Q

Explain why alkanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons

A

Because they have C-C single bonds

52
Q

How do you get an alkane to react with a halogen

A

In the presence of UV radiation alkanes react with halogens

53
Q

Why are monomers always alkenes

A

Because to make a polymer u need to split the double bond in the alkene for a chain ⛓⛓⛓

54
Q

What happens when you react a carbonate + carboxylic acid—>

A

Carbonate + carboxylic acid —> Co2 + carboxylate salt + water

55
Q

Sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid—>

A

Sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid—> sodium ethanoate + co2 + water

56
Q

What is esterification

A

when an Alcohol + carboxylic acid —> Ester + water

57
Q

What is the ESTER functional group

A

-COO

58
Q

What is the carboxylic acid functional group

A

-COOH

59
Q

What is refinery gas used for

A

LPG (fuel for domestic cooking)

60
Q

What is gasoline used for

A

Petrol for cars 🚙

61
Q

What is kerosene used for

A

Jet fuel ✈️

62
Q

What is diesel used for

A

Fuel for buses/ Diesel engines 🚛

63
Q

What is fuel oil used for

A

Fuel oil is fuel for ships 🚢

64
Q

What is bitumen used for

A

Bitumen is thick, black material melted for SURFACE OF ROADS 🛣

65
Q

State the equation for an INCOMPLETE combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon + O2 —> C + H2O 💦

66
Q

State the equation for a COMPLETE combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon + O2 —> CO2 + H2O 💦

67
Q 
As hydrocarbon molecules get bigger what happens to
•boiling point
•volatility 
•colour
•viscosity
A

As hydrocarbon molecules get BIGGER

  • boiling point INCREASES 🔝
  • become less volatile (take longer to evaporate)
  • become DARKER in colour
  • become more VISCOUS
68
Q

What type of hydrocarbons burn with a cleaner flame/ burn well

A

Smaller hydrocarbons burn well

69
Q

Why is carbon monoxide poisonous

A

Because carbon monoxide binds to the haemoglobin in the blood and makes it harder for the red blood cells to carry OXYGEN

70
Q

Explain how the combustion of some impurities in hydrocarbon fuels results in the formation of sulfur dioxide

A

Fossil fuels contain small amounts of sulfur. When the fuel is burnt the sulfur reacts with the oxygen—> producing SULFUR DIOXIDE

71
Q

Give 2 catalysts that can be used for cracking of a long chain alkane at 600*C

A 
Either SILICA (SiO2)
Or  ALUMINA (Al2O3)
72
Q

Explain why cracking is necessary

A

Because the fraction obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil has too many long chain hydrocarbons, whereas
SHORT CHAIN Alkanes/ hydrocarbons r MORE USEFUL + there’s a greater demand for them

73
Q

Why are alcohols not hydrocarbons

A

Because they also contain OXYGEN, whereas a hydrocarbon is made from carbon + hydrogen atoms only

74
Q

What catalyst is used in the hydration of ethene

A

PHOSPHORIC acid (catalyst)

IGCSE Chemistry (4 decks)

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