Inorganic Chemistry Flashcards
How do u know an acid is NEUTRALISED?
A solid appears at the bottom (precipitate)
acid+base~>neutralisation
~>salt+water
How to make a salt:
ACID+METAL
+ METAL HYDROXIDE/OXIDE
+CARBONATE
What 3 salt metals are always SOLUBLE
Sodium
Potassium
Ammonium
What does a metal hydroxide + water —>
Metal hydroxide + water —> salt + water
copper(ii)oxide + sulfuric acid —> ? and what colour is it
? copper(ii)sulfate + water
BLUE 🛂🛂🛂
All nitrates (NO3) are _________
Nitrates = all SOLUBLE
Most sulfates (SO4) are ________ except for _________
Most sulfates r SOLUBLE
⛔️except⛔️
lead(ii), barium, calcium = r insoluble
Most chlorides (Cl) are ______ except for ______
Most chlorides r SOLUBLE
⛔️except ⛔️:
lead(ii), silver= r insoluble
Most carbonates (CO3) are_______ except for _______
Most carbonates = INSOLUBLE
📛except:📛sodium,ammonium,potassium = r soluble
Test for hydrogen
Lighted splint put in tube of hydrogen
explodes w/ SQUEAKY POP
Test for oxygen
Glowing splint in tube w/oxygen
relights splint
Test for carbon dioxide gas
Turns limewater cloudy
Test for chlorine gas
Bleaches litmus paper
Test for ammonia gas
Ammonia gas turn damp red litmus paper BLUE when held above the test tube of the solution
Test for water
Water turns anhydrous copper(ii)sulfate BLUE
Because it was white when it lacked water of crystallisation
What happens when u burn sulfur
Sulfur = Pale blue flame 💠
What happens when u burn lithium
Lithium = crimson red flame 🛑
What happens when u burn sodium
Sodium = yellowy/orange flame🚼
What happens when u burn potassium
Potassium burns w/ LILAC flame 👾
What happens when u burn calcium
Calcium = brick red flame ⛑
What happens when u burn magnesium
Magnesium = white flame🐇🐩🐁🕊
What happens when u burn copper
Copper = green flame🍀✅
What group are the alkali metals
Group 1
Do the alkali metals decrease or increase in reactivity as u go down group
Group 1 increase in reactivity down the group
Predict the properties of FRANCIUM (group 1 element at bottom)
I.e. group 1 properties
> more reactive > v soft > tarnishes in o2 > dissolved in 💦 to give colourless solution > lower meltin/boilin point than others
Group 1 metals react with water to form what formula compounds
~OH
= KOH, NaOH , LiOH
Alkali metal + water —> metal hydroxide + hydrogen
Suppose ‘M’ is any alkali metal, write an equation to demonstrate this (balanced!)
2M + 2H2O —> 2MOH + H2
What is an ANION
ANION=
Negative ion
What is a CATION?
CATION=
a positive ion
How to test for carbonates(anions)
Carbonate + acid (HCl) —> CO2 +water
How to test for sulfates (anions)
Add barium chloride + HCl
a WHITE PRECIPITATE (BaSO4)
Barium ions + sulfate ions —> barium sulfate
How to test for HALIDES (anions)
Test for halides w/ nitric acid +silver nitrate
Cl- + Ag+ —> WHITE PRECIPITATE (chloride ion) 🐁
Br- + Ag+ —> CREAM PRECIPITATE(bromide ion) 🌝
I- + Ag+ —> YELLOW PRECIPITATE( iodide ion)💛
Why are acids added to the tests for anions?
To remove any traces of carbonate or sulfite ions
What is rust and how does it happen
Rust is the corrosion of IRON
iron + oxygen + water —> rust
What is galvanising/ the sacrificial method
Prevents rusting
Involves placing a more reactive metal (e.g. ZINC) w/ iron
So o2+ water reacts w/ the sacrificial metal, NOT IRON
What is an alloy
A mixture of a metal w/ other metal or carbon
What is meant by the term ‘distillation’
The action of purifying a liquid by heating and cooling
Name the iron compound present in rust
Iron (iii) oxide
State 2 other methods used to prevent iron from rusting other than galvanising
- oiling
* painting
State the ammonium ion
NH4+
Describe a chemical test to show that a substance contains chloride ions
- add silver nitrate to solution
- then add dilute nitric acid
- a white precipitate will form
Describe a chemical test to show that a substance contains bromide ions
- add silver nitrate to solution
- then add nitric acid
- a cream precipitate should form
Describe a chemicals test to show a substance contains iodide ions
- add silver nitrate to solution
- then add nitric acid
- yellow precipitate should have formed
Describe a chemical test to test for the sulfate ion
Add barium chloride + HCl to your sulfate
A white precipitate forms as proof of
-ve sulfate ion
Describe a chemical test for carbonates
Add HCl acid to your carbonate
It will give off CO2
Is a carbonate a positive or negative ion and what is it called in chemical terms
CO3 ^2-
a NEGATIVE ION= ANION
Is a sulfate a positive or negative ion and what is it called in chemical terms
SO4^ 2-
a NEGATIVE ION= ANION
What is a copper ions formula
Cu^2+
Positive ion= cation
What is an iron(ii) ion formula and is it a negative or positive ion
Fe^2+
Positive ion= cation
What is an iron(iii) ions formula, and is it a negative or positive ion
Fe^ 3+
Positive ion= CATION
How to test for copper ions
Add sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Shake test tube and an INSOLUBLE BLUE PRECIPITATE will form (copper hydroxide)
Cu(OH)2
🥏🥏🥏🥏
How to test for iron (ii) ions
Add sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
a insoluble SLUDGY GREEN precipitate will form (iron hydroxide)
Fe(OH)2
🥦🥦🥦🥦
How to test for iron(iii) ions
Add sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
a insoluble REDDISH BROWN precipitate will form(iron hydroxide)
Fe(OH)3
🌰🌰🌰🌰
Describe a test for water
Add water to anhydrous COPPER SULFATE
It will go from a white precipitate to a blue precipitate of hydrated copper sulfate
Describe a test to show that water is pure
Measure the freezing and boiling point of the water
If it freezes at exactly 0^C + boils at exactly 100^C= it is pure— if not, and it boils/freezes at diff temps it impure
What is meant by the term ‘salt’
A compound formed when a hydrogen is replaced by a metal or ammonium in an acid
What is meant by ‘ sacrificial protection’
When a more reactive metal is placed with the iron to prevent rusting
Oxygen reacts with sacrificial metal instead of iron
What colour is litmus paper in an acidic solution
Litmus paper is RED in an acidic solution
What colour is litmus paper in an alkaline solution
Litmus paper is BLUE in an alkaline solution
What colour is phenolphthalein in an acidic solution
Phenolphthalein is COLOURLESS in an acidic solution
💬💬💬💬💬💬
What colour is phenolphthalein in an alkaline solution
Phenolphthalein is PINK in an alkaline solution
💞💞💞💞💞💞💞
What colour is methyl orange in an alkaline solution
Methyl orange is yellow in an alkaline solution
🐥🐥🐥🐥🐥🐥
What colour is methyl orange in an acidic solution
Methyl orange is red in an acidic solution
🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹
What colour is methyl orange in a neutral solution
Methyl orange is ORANGE in a neutral solution
🍊 🍊🍊🍊🍊🍊🍊
What happens when acids react
They donate a proton— a H+ ion
Give the equation for a NEUTRALISATION of an acidic + alkaline compound
(H+) +(OH-) ——> H2O
What ion is produced when an acidic compound dissolved
H+ ion
What ion is produced when an alkaline compound is dissolved
OH- ion
Base + acid —>
Base + acid ——> salt + water
🧂 💦
Give three examples of bases
Metal hydroxide
Metal oxide
Ammonia (NH3)
What colour is litmus paper in neutral solutions
Litmus paper is PURPLE in neutral solutions
☂️☂️☂️☂️☂️
Define the word ACID
An acid is a substance which acts as a source of H+ ions in solution
What is a base
A substance that neutralises acids by combining with the hydrogen ions in them
What is an alkali
A base dissolved in water = an alkali
Alkalis are a source of hydroxide (OH-) ions
Fill in the equation for ammonia reacting w water
NH3 + H2O—>
NH3 + H2O —> (NH4+) + (OH-)
what type of metal carbonates react with water to form hydroxide ions
SOLUBLE metal carbonates react w water to form hydroxide ions
E.g sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate
How does one carry out a flame test?
Clean platinum wire (burn + disinfect w HCl acid)
Then dip into sample u want to test and burn it in a Bunsen flame🔥
Give an example of an ethanoate salt with sodium
CH3COONa
Give the formula for for ammonium sulfate
(NH4) SO4
2
What metals react with dilute acids (and what do they form)
Metals above hydrogen react with dilute acids to form salt + hydrogen
What metals don’t react with dilute acids
Metals below hydrogen in reactivity series
Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid form what? And what type of reaction is this
Sodium hydroxide + hyrdochloric acid
—> sodium chloride + water
NEUTRALISATION because it’s a base + acid
Describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt starting from an insoluble reactant
1) get an acid (e.g. 50cm^3 of sulfuric acid) into a beaker and heat it using a Bunsen burner
2) add a spatula of insoluble base (like copper carbonate) and heat, stir + keep adding copper carbonate until there is an excess to make sure all the acid has been neutralised
3) filter off excess base to get salt solution
4) heat the solution to boil off some of the water and to make the solution more concentrated. Stop heating when it becomes concentrated (when crystals form)
Prepare a sample of pure, dry hydrated copper sulfate
Add black copper(ii) oxide to sulfuric acid and heat until u have an excess of copper(ii) oxide (excess base ensures all the acid has reacted)
Then filter off the excess base, the solution is now blue
Heat in an evaporating basin on a Bunsen burner flame to boil off some of the water + concentrate the solution
A base is a proton ____
A base is a proton ACCEPTOR
An acid is a proton _____
An acid is a proton DONOR
How are elements more reactive than carbon extracted?
Elements more reactive than carbon are extracted by electrolysis
