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IGCSE Chemistry > Inorganic Chemistry > Flashcards

Inorganic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How do u know an acid is NEUTRALISED?

A

A solid appears at the bottom (precipitate)

acid+base~>neutralisation
~>salt+water

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2
Q

How to make a salt:

A

ACID+METAL
+ METAL HYDROXIDE/OXIDE
+CARBONATE

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3
Q

What 3 salt metals are always SOLUBLE

A

Sodium
Potassium
Ammonium

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4
Q

What does a metal hydroxide + water —>

A

Metal hydroxide + water —> salt + water

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5
Q

copper(ii)oxide + sulfuric acid —> ? and what colour is it

A

? copper(ii)sulfate + water

BLUE 🛂🛂🛂

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6
Q

All nitrates (NO3) are _________

A

Nitrates = all SOLUBLE

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7
Q

Most sulfates (SO4) are ________ except for _________

A

Most sulfates r SOLUBLE

⛔️except⛔️
lead(ii), barium, calcium = r insoluble

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8
Q

Most chlorides (Cl) are ______ except for ______

A

Most chlorides r SOLUBLE

⛔️except ⛔️:
lead(ii), silver= r insoluble

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9
Q

Most carbonates (CO3) are_______ except for _______

A

Most carbonates = INSOLUBLE

📛except:📛sodium,ammonium,potassium = r soluble

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10
Q

Test for hydrogen

A

Lighted splint put in tube of hydrogen

explodes w/ SQUEAKY POP

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11
Q

Test for oxygen

A

Glowing splint in tube w/oxygen

relights splint

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12
Q

Test for carbon dioxide gas

A

Turns limewater cloudy

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13
Q

Test for chlorine gas

A

Bleaches litmus paper

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14
Q

Test for ammonia gas

A

Ammonia gas turn damp red litmus paper BLUE when held above the test tube of the solution

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15
Q

Test for water

A

Water turns anhydrous copper(ii)sulfate BLUE

Because it was white when it lacked water of crystallisation

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16
Q

What happens when u burn sulfur

A

Sulfur = Pale blue flame 💠

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17
Q

What happens when u burn lithium

A

Lithium = crimson red flame 🛑

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18
Q

What happens when u burn sodium

A

Sodium = yellowy/orange flame🚼

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19
Q

What happens when u burn potassium

A

Potassium burns w/ LILAC flame 👾

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20
Q

What happens when u burn calcium

A

Calcium = brick red flame ⛑

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21
Q

What happens when u burn magnesium

A

Magnesium = white flame🐇🐩🐁🕊

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22
Q

What happens when u burn copper

A

Copper = green flame🍀✅

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23
Q

What group are the alkali metals

A

Group 1

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24
Q

Do the alkali metals decrease or increase in reactivity as u go down group

A

Group 1 increase in reactivity down the group

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25
Q

Predict the properties of FRANCIUM (group 1 element at bottom)
I.e. group 1 properties

A 
> more reactive 
> v soft
> tarnishes in o2
> dissolved in 💦 to give colourless solution
> lower meltin/boilin point than others
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26
Q

Group 1 metals react with water to form what formula compounds

A

~OH

= KOH, NaOH , LiOH

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27
Q

Alkali metal + water —> metal hydroxide + hydrogen

Suppose ‘M’ is any alkali metal, write an equation to demonstrate this (balanced!)

A

2M + 2H2O —> 2MOH + H2

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28
Q

What is an ANION

A

ANION=

Negative ion

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29
Q

What is a CATION?

A

CATION=

a positive ion

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30
Q

How to test for carbonates(anions)

A

Carbonate + acid (HCl) —> CO2 +water

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31
Q

How to test for sulfates (anions)

A

Add barium chloride + HCl
a WHITE PRECIPITATE (BaSO4)

Barium ions + sulfate ions —> barium sulfate

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32
Q

How to test for HALIDES (anions)

A

Test for halides w/ nitric acid +silver nitrate

Cl- + Ag+ —> WHITE PRECIPITATE (chloride ion) 🐁

Br- + Ag+ —> CREAM PRECIPITATE(bromide ion) 🌝

I- + Ag+ —> YELLOW PRECIPITATE( iodide ion)💛

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33
Q

Why are acids added to the tests for anions?

A

To remove any traces of carbonate or sulfite ions

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34
Q

What is rust and how does it happen

A

Rust is the corrosion of IRON

iron + oxygen + water —> rust

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35
Q

What is galvanising/ the sacrificial method

A

Prevents rusting

Involves placing a more reactive metal (e.g. ZINC) w/ iron

So o2+ water reacts w/ the sacrificial metal, NOT IRON

36
Q

What is an alloy

A

A mixture of a metal w/ other metal or carbon

37
Q

What is meant by the term ‘distillation’

A

The action of purifying a liquid by heating and cooling

38
Q

Name the iron compound present in rust

A

Iron (iii) oxide

39
Q

State 2 other methods used to prevent iron from rusting other than galvanising

A
  • oiling

* painting

40
Q

State the ammonium ion

A

NH4+

41
Q

Describe a chemical test to show that a substance contains chloride ions

A
  • add silver nitrate to solution
  • then add dilute nitric acid
  • a white precipitate will form
42
Q

Describe a chemical test to show that a substance contains bromide ions

A
  • add silver nitrate to solution
  • then add nitric acid
  • a cream precipitate should form
43
Q

Describe a chemicals test to show a substance contains iodide ions

A
  • add silver nitrate to solution
  • then add nitric acid
  • yellow precipitate should have formed
44
Q

Describe a chemical test to test for the sulfate ion

A

Add barium chloride + HCl to your sulfate

A white precipitate forms as proof of
-ve sulfate ion

45
Q

Describe a chemical test for carbonates

A

Add HCl acid to your carbonate

It will give off CO2

46
Q

Is a carbonate a positive or negative ion and what is it called in chemical terms

A

CO3 ^2-

a NEGATIVE ION= ANION

47
Q

Is a sulfate a positive or negative ion and what is it called in chemical terms

A

SO4^ 2-

a NEGATIVE ION= ANION

48
Q

What is a copper ions formula

A

Cu^2+

Positive ion= cation

49
Q

What is an iron(ii) ion formula and is it a negative or positive ion

A

Fe^2+

Positive ion= cation

50
Q

What is an iron(iii) ions formula, and is it a negative or positive ion

A

Fe^ 3+

Positive ion= CATION

51
Q

How to test for copper ions

A

Add sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Shake test tube and an INSOLUBLE BLUE PRECIPITATE will form (copper hydroxide)

Cu(OH)2

🥏🥏🥏🥏

52
Q

How to test for iron (ii) ions

A

Add sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

a insoluble SLUDGY GREEN precipitate will form (iron hydroxide)

Fe(OH)2

🥦🥦🥦🥦

53
Q

How to test for iron(iii) ions

A

Add sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

a insoluble REDDISH BROWN precipitate will form(iron hydroxide)

Fe(OH)3

🌰🌰🌰🌰

54
Q

Describe a test for water

A

Add water to anhydrous COPPER SULFATE

It will go from a white precipitate to a blue precipitate of hydrated copper sulfate

55
Q

Describe a test to show that water is pure

A

Measure the freezing and boiling point of the water

If it freezes at exactly 0^C + boils at exactly 100^C= it is pure— if not, and it boils/freezes at diff temps it impure

56
Q

What is meant by the term ‘salt’

A

A compound formed when a hydrogen is replaced by a metal or ammonium in an acid

57
Q

What is meant by ‘ sacrificial protection’

A

When a more reactive metal is placed with the iron to prevent rusting

Oxygen reacts with sacrificial metal instead of iron

58
Q

What colour is litmus paper in an acidic solution

A

Litmus paper is RED in an acidic solution

59
Q

What colour is litmus paper in an alkaline solution

A

Litmus paper is BLUE in an alkaline solution

60
Q

What colour is phenolphthalein in an acidic solution

A

Phenolphthalein is COLOURLESS in an acidic solution

💬💬💬💬💬💬

61
Q

What colour is phenolphthalein in an alkaline solution

A

Phenolphthalein is PINK in an alkaline solution

💞💞💞💞💞💞💞

62
Q

What colour is methyl orange in an alkaline solution

A

Methyl orange is yellow in an alkaline solution

🐥🐥🐥🐥🐥🐥

63
Q

What colour is methyl orange in an acidic solution

A

Methyl orange is red in an acidic solution

🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹

64
Q

What colour is methyl orange in a neutral solution

A

Methyl orange is ORANGE in a neutral solution

🍊 🍊🍊🍊🍊🍊🍊

65
Q

What happens when acids react

A

They donate a proton— a H+ ion

66
Q

Give the equation for a NEUTRALISATION of an acidic + alkaline compound

A

(H+) +(OH-) ——> H2O

67
Q

What ion is produced when an acidic compound dissolved

A

H+ ion

68
Q

What ion is produced when an alkaline compound is dissolved

A

OH- ion

69
Q

Base + acid —>

A

Base + acid ——> salt + water

🧂 💦

70
Q

Give three examples of bases

A

Metal hydroxide
Metal oxide
Ammonia (NH3)

71
Q

What colour is litmus paper in neutral solutions

A

Litmus paper is PURPLE in neutral solutions

☂️☂️☂️☂️☂️

72
Q

Define the word ACID

A

An acid is a substance which acts as a source of H+ ions in solution

73
Q

What is a base

A

A substance that neutralises acids by combining with the hydrogen ions in them

74
Q

What is an alkali

A

A base dissolved in water = an alkali

Alkalis are a source of hydroxide (OH-) ions

75
Q

Fill in the equation for ammonia reacting w water

NH3 + H2O—>

A

NH3 + H2O —> (NH4+) + (OH-)

76
Q

what type of metal carbonates react with water to form hydroxide ions

A

SOLUBLE metal carbonates react w water to form hydroxide ions

E.g sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate

77
Q

How does one carry out a flame test?

A

Clean platinum wire (burn + disinfect w HCl acid)

Then dip into sample u want to test and burn it in a Bunsen flame🔥

78
Q

Give an example of an ethanoate salt with sodium

A

CH3COONa

79
Q

Give the formula for for ammonium sulfate

A

(NH4) SO4

2

80
Q

What metals react with dilute acids (and what do they form)

A

Metals above hydrogen react with dilute acids to form salt + hydrogen

81
Q

What metals don’t react with dilute acids

A

Metals below hydrogen in reactivity series

82
Q

Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid form what? And what type of reaction is this

A

Sodium hydroxide + hyrdochloric acid
—> sodium chloride + water

NEUTRALISATION because it’s a base + acid

83
Q

Describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt starting from an insoluble reactant

A

1) get an acid (e.g. 50cm^3 of sulfuric acid) into a beaker and heat it using a Bunsen burner
2) add a spatula of insoluble base (like copper carbonate) and heat, stir + keep adding copper carbonate until there is an excess to make sure all the acid has been neutralised
3) filter off excess base to get salt solution
4) heat the solution to boil off some of the water and to make the solution more concentrated. Stop heating when it becomes concentrated (when crystals form)

84
Q

Prepare a sample of pure, dry hydrated copper sulfate

A

Add black copper(ii) oxide to sulfuric acid and heat until u have an excess of copper(ii) oxide (excess base ensures all the acid has reacted)

Then filter off the excess base, the solution is now blue

Heat in an evaporating basin on a Bunsen burner flame to boil off some of the water + concentrate the solution

85
Q

A base is a proton ____

A

A base is a proton ACCEPTOR

86
Q

An acid is a proton _____

A

An acid is a proton DONOR

87
Q

How are elements more reactive than carbon extracted?

A

Elements more reactive than carbon are extracted by electrolysis

IGCSE Chemistry (4 decks)

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