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chemistry gcse > organic chemistry > Flashcards

organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

define hydrocarbon

A

compound of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

what is meant by the term homologous series

A

a series of compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties, a trend in physical properties and the same functional group

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3
Q

what is a functional group

A

a group of atoms that determines how a compound typically reacts

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4
Q

define isomerism

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

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5
Q

name the stem for organic compounds with 1-6 carbons

A

meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex

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6
Q

what is crude oil

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons

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7
Q

describe the industrial process of fractional distillation

A

1) crude oil heated until vapourised then enters fractionating column
2) column is hot at bottom and cold at top
3) when the hydrocarbons reach the temperature lower than their boiling point they condense and are drained off
4) the longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points so they condense at the bottom
5) the shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points so they condense at the top

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8
Q

bitumen: uses + number of carbons

A

road surfaces

70+

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9
Q

fuel oil: uses + number of carbons

A

large ship fuel

-40

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10
Q

diesel: uses + number of carbons

A

cars/ large vehicles

-20

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11
Q

kerosene: uses + number of carbons

A

aircraft fuel

-15

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12
Q

gasoline: uses + number of carbons

A

car fuel

-8

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13
Q

refinery gases: uses + number of carbons

A

domestic cooking/heating

-3

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14
Q

what are the trends in physical properties in hydrocarbons

A

1) get more viscous/ thick as they get longer
2) get darker as they get longer
3) boiling point increases as they get longer

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15
Q

what is a fuel

A

releases heat when burned

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16
Q

products of incomplete combustion

A

carbon monoxide, soot (and C02, H20)

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17
Q

complete combustion of hydrocarbons

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen -> C02+ H20

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18
Q

why is carbon monoxide poisonous

A

binds with red blood cells and stops them carrying oxygen around the body; lack of oxygen leads to fainting, coma or death

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19
Q

how is acid rain caused (by nitrogen oxide)

A

in car engines, the temperature is high enough for nitrogen to react with oxygen in the air, forming nitrogen monoxide
nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere to make nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen dioxide dissolves in rain to form dilute nitric acid

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20
Q

how is acid rain caused (by sulfur dioxide)

A

hydrogen fuels contain sulfur impurities
when these fuels are burnt, sulfut dioxide is formed
SO2 mixes with water vapour to form dilute sulfic acid

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21
Q

what is cracking

A

splitting up longer chain alkanes into alkenes and shorter chain alkanes

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22
Q

what conditions are needed for cracking

A

600-700 degrees

silica or alumina catalyst

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23
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

Cn H(2n+2)

24
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes

A

Cn H2n

25
Q

why are alkanes saturated hydrocarbons

A

they have the maximum number of H-C bonds (no double bonds) and only contain H and C

26
Q

describe the reactions of alkanes with halogens in the presence of UV radiation

A

a hydrogen atom from the alkane is substituted for a halogen
so these are SUBSTITUTION reactions
eg methane + bromine ->bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

27
Q

what is the functional group for alkenes

A

C=C

28
Q

why are alkenes unsaturated

A

they have a double bond

29
Q

describe the reactions of alkenes with bromine to make dibromoalkanes

A
  • double bond broken and a bromine atom is added to each of the carbons
  • orange bromine water goes colourless
30
Q

how do you distinguish between alkenes and alkanes experimentally

A

shake with bromine water:
alkene- goes colourless
alkane- no change

31
Q

how are addition polymers formed

A

joining up many small molecules called monomers

32
Q

explain the problems in the disposal of addition polymers

A

1) inertness means they are hard to break down so won’t biodegrade
2) produce toxic gases when burnt

33
Q

What makes a good fuel:

A

Releases a lot of heat energy (j/kg)
Safe to use and convenient to store
Reasonably cheap and easy to find
Not produce toxic gases

34
Q

What are the problems with petrol

A

Disadvantages of using petrol:
Produces CO2 (greenhouse gas)
Not reusable
Can produce harmful gases like carbon monoxide

35
Q

properties of polyethene

A

cheap, flexible, can be made into thin films

36
Q

properties of PVC

A

tough, electrical insulator, can be made hard or flexible

37
Q

properties of PFTE

A

slippery, unreactive

38
Q

how does limestone reduce acid rain

A

calcium carbonate (from limestone)
-acidic gas passed through calcium carbonate in
chimney
-(calcium carbonate) neutralises/reacts with
acidic gases
- acidic gases prevented from entering the
atmosphere

39
Q

Functional group of alcohols

A

O-H

40
Q

How can ethanol be oxidised

A

1) burning in air (complete combustion)
2) microbial oxidation
3) heating with potassium dichromate in dilute sulfuric acid

41
Q

What are the reactants and products of complete combustion of alcohols

A

Alcohol + oxygen -> C02 + H20

42
Q

What is microbial oxidation

A

Microorganisms use alcohols as an energy source
They oxidise alcohols
Carboxylic acids are made as a bi-product

43
Q

What happens when ethanol is heated with acidified potassium dichromate

A

Ethanol -> ethanoic acid
H H H
H-C-C-O-H ————> H-C-C=O
H H H `OH
( heat needed)

44
Q

How can ethanol be manufactured (using steam)

A 
Ethene reacts with steam to produce ethanol 
This is an addition reaction
Conditions needed: 
300 degrees 
60-70 atm 
Phosphoric acid used as a catalyst
45
Q

How can ethanol be produced by fermentation

A 
Glucose ———-> ethanol + C02
Yeast cells contain enzymes which catalyse this reaction
Conditions
30 degrees c
Anaerobic
46
Q

Functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

47
Q

Describe the reaction of carboxylic acids with metals

A

Carboxylic acid + metal -> salt + hydrogen

48
Q

Carboxylic acid reaction with Metal carbonate

A

Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate -> salt + water + C02

49
Q

What is vinegar

A

Ethanoic acid dissolved in water

50
Q

Functional group of esters

A

COO

51
Q

What ester is produced from ethanol and ethanoic acid

A

Ethyl ethanoate

Ethanol + ethanoic acid -> ethyl ethanoate + water

52
Q

What catalyst is used when forming esters

A

Acid catalyst (eg concentrated sulfuric acid)

53
Q

Word equation for the formation of an ester

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester + water

54
Q

Practical: make an ester

A

1) add a few drops of concentrated H2SO4 in a boiling tube using a Pipette
2) add 10 drops of ethanoic acid
3) add 10 drops ethanol
4) place boiling tube in beaker of water on tripod
5) Heat using Bunsen Burner until water starts to boil
6) after 1 minute remove tube and cool
7) pour into test tube of sodium carbonate solution+mix
8) a layer of ester should form on top

55
Q

Describe condensation polymerisation

A

Polyester formed when dicarboxylic acid monomers and idol monomers react together

56
Q

What are biopolyesters

A

Biodegradable polyesters
Can be broken down by living organisms
Decompose so reduce pollutant effect

chemistry gcse (4 decks)

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