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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the general formula of a compound

A

(the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series) e.g. for an alkane: CnH2n+2

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2
Q

what is the structural formula of a compound

A

(the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) e.g. for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

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3
Q

what is the displayed formula of a compound

A

the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

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4
Q

what is the skeletal formula of a compound

A

the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups)

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5
Q

*what is a homologous series

A

(a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2)

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6
Q

what is a functional group

A

(a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound)

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7
Q

what is an alkyl group

A

(of formula CnH2n+1)

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8
Q

what does aliphatic mean

A

(a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings)

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9
Q

what does alicyclic mean

A

(an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains)

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10
Q

what does aromatic mean

A

(a compound containing a benzene ring)

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11
Q

what is a saturated bond

A

(single carbon–carbon bonds only)

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12
Q

what is a unsaturated bond

A

(the presence of multiple carbon–carbon bonds, including C=C, C/C and aromatic rings)

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13
Q

what is a structural isomers

A

(compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae)

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14
Q

what is homolytic fission *

A

each bonding atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals
covalent bond splitting
*(Breaking a covalent bond to form two radical)

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15
Q

what is heterolytic fission*

A

one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair
*(Breaking a covalent bond to form two oppositely charged ions)

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16
Q

what is a radical

A

a species with an unpaired electron

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17
Q

three stages of homolytic free radical substitution

A

initiation
propagation x2
termination

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18
Q

what conditions are needed for homolytic free radical substitution

A

UV light - sunlight

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19
Q

what are problems with homolytic free radical substitution

A
  • reaction is uncontrollable - further substitutions
  • radicals can form other organic compounds in the termination stage
  • reactions at different positions along the carbon chain
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20
Q

what is a σ-bond:

A

Overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms

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21
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

compound of hydrogen and carbon only

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22
Q

what is *E/Z isomerism

A

an example of stereoisomerism, due to restricted rotation about a double bond and two
different groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group

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23
Q

what is *Cis–trans isomerism

A

: A special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups attached to
each carbon atom of the C=C group are the same

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24
Q

what is an electrophile*

A

An electron pair acceptor

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25
Q

what is a π-bond*

A

Sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms

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26
Q

what are stereo isomers *

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement in space

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27
Q

what do curly arrows show*

A

Shows the movement of an electron pair during a reaction

shows either heterolytic fission or formation of a covalent bond

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28
Q

what does saturated molecule have

A

contains Only contains carbon – carbon single bonds

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29
Q

what does unsaturated molecule have

A

contains carbon carbon double bonds
the presence of multiple
carbon–carbon bonds, including C=C, C/C and aromatic rings

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30
Q

general formula for an alkane

A

C n H 2n+2

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31
Q

what can use to represent radicals in mechanisms

A

dots

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32
Q

are alkanes saturated or unsaturated

A

saturated (c-c) bonds

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33
Q

can alkanes show stereoisomerism

A

no because of the free rotation of the sigma bond

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34
Q

what type of bond are the c-c and the c-h bond in alkanes

A

sigma bond

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35
Q

what is the shape and bond angle around carbons in an alkane

A

tetrahedral

109.5

36
Q

what happens to boiling point as carbon chain length increases in alkanes

A

increases dues to more electrons means stronger induced dipole dipole forces

37
Q

What are the prefixes for homologous series

A 
Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hep
Oct
Non
Dec
38
Q

What do prefixes refer to when naming compounds

A

The number of carbons in the longest carbon chain

39
Q

What are structural isomers

A

Have the same molecular formula but a different structure
Posses different qualities
E.g. heptane, 2-methyl hexane

40
Q

Definition of a sigma bond

A

Is the overlap of orbitals between two atoms

Free to rotate

41
Q

Why are alkanes not very reactive

A

High bond enthalpy (strong bonds)

Low polarity

42
Q

What are the two ways to break a covalent bond

A

Heterolytic or homolytic

43
Q

What is the more dangerous way of combustion of alkanes

A

Incomplete because it produces carbon monoxide

44
Q

What is heterolytic fission

A

Breaking of a covalent bond to form positive or negative ion

45
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond to form two radicals

46
Q

What is a radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron

47
Q

What is needed for homolytic free radical subsition

A

UV light or Sunlight

48
Q

Equation for homolytic free radical substitution

A

Alkane+ hydrogen -> acid + haloalkane

49
Q

What are the three steps in homolytic free radical substitution

A

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

50
Q

What are the problems with free radical substitution

A

Uncontrollable reaction

Further substitutions can take place - other organic products can be produced in termination steps

51
Q

Real life example of free radical substitution

A

Depletion of the ozone layer (O3)

O3 + O —> 2O2

52
Q

What is causing the depletion of the ozone

A

CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons )

53
Q

What does branching do to the melting point of a

molecules

A

Non - branched molecules have higher melting points as they have more points of contact than branched molecules

54
Q

Formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

55
Q

Do alkenes have double bonds

A

Yes

alkEnEs

56
Q

Are alkenes unsaturated or saturated

A

Unsaturated

57
Q

Structure of alkenes

A

Special arrangement around the C=C bond is planar

Bond angles are 120

58
Q

What is a pi bond

A

A pi bond is the overlap of p-orbitals above and below Atom s
(Second bond that makes it a double bonds)

59
Q

What is an electrophile

A

An electron pair acceptor

60
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

Something is added to a species only one product is formed

61
Q

What does alkene plus hydrogen make

A

An alkane

62
Q

What catalyst is needed to make an alkene into an alkane

A

A nickel catalyst

63
Q

What does alkene plus steam make

A

An alcohol

64
Q

What catalyst is needed to make an alcohol from an alkene

A

Phosphoric acid catalyst

H3PO4

65
Q

What is a carbocation

A

A positive carbon atom

Car-Bon-cat-ion

66
Q

What does a curly arrow show

A

Shows the movement of electrons
Bond breaking ( starts at bond)
Arrow must come from electrons/bond not the letter

67
Q

What is Markownikoff’s rule about carbocation stability

A

When two products formed one is formed in a larger quantity

In electrophilic addition to alkene s the major product is formed vi the more stable carbocation intermediate

68
Q

What is the most stable carbocation

A

Tertiary then secondary then primary

69
Q

How to tell if a carbocation (or alcohol) is primary secondary or tertiary

A

The number of carbons on the carbon the + (or OH) is on
Primary - one carbon two hydrogen
Secondary- two carbons one hydrogen
Tertiary- three carbons no hydrogen

70
Q

What is needed in a curly Arrow mechanism for addition reaction

A

A polar molecule with a dipole

And a molecule with a double bond (e.g. alkene)

71
Q

What is a stereo isomer

A

Compounds with the same structure and different arrangement in space

72
Q

What is needed to form a stereo isomer

A

A double bond

And each carbon on the double bond must have different groups on it

73
Q

Why does stereo isomerism occur

A

Due to the restricted rotation of the C =C bond

And each carbon on the double bond has two different groups attached

74
Q

What is a cis-isomer

A

Identical groups on the same side of the double bond
H H
| |
- C-C-

75
Q

What is a trans isomer

A

Groups on opposite sides of the double bond

76
Q

When can cis-trans be used

A

Can only be used when there are two identical groups attached to each carbon —> need to have at least one cook group on each carbon

77
Q

When is E/Z isomerism used

A

Occurs when the carbons don’t have one identical group

78
Q

How to decide if a molecule has E or Z isomerism

A

Need to assign priorities- highest atomic mass of the first atom attached to the carbon in the double bond

79
Q

What is an E isomer

A

The higher prioritie atoms are on the same side of the c=C

80
Q

What is a Z isomer

A

If the higher priority groups are on the same side of the C =C bond
zame zide

81
Q

What is polymerisation

A

The process of adding monomers to form a polymer

Monomer undergoes addition reaction with itself

82
Q

4 methods of disposing plastics

A

Organic feedstock(turn into other plastics)
Recycle
Combustion
Landfill

83
Q

Negatives of combustion

A

Releases carbon dioxide which contributes to global warming and climate change
Can also be produce other toxic chemicals like HCL
(However these toxic gases can be removed using alkali scrubbers)

84
Q

What does biodegradable mean

A

Something that is broken down by living things

Can make polymers biodegradable like plant starch is mixed with an addition polymer

85
Q

What does photodegradable mean

A

Something that is broken Down by light

Might not break down if in a landfill as their is no light

Chemistry (12 decks)

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