Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Organic

Answer 1

carbon containing compounds

Question 2

Carbon can covalently bond to up to ___ other atoms

Answer 2

4

Question 3

What composes the backbone?

Answer 3

Carbon

Question 4

Hydrocarbons

Answer 4

• only carbon and hydrogen

* release energy when oxidized

Question 5

Hydroxyl

Answer 5

-OH (or HO-)
•Alcohols
•Polar because it is hydrophilic
•Hydrogen bonds

Question 6

Carbonyl

Answer 6

C=O
•Terminal (on the end of a chain)- aldehyde
•Non-terminal – ketone
•In sugars

Question 7

Carboxyl

Answer 7

O=C-OH
•acidic- can donate a proton 
•polar
•Carbonyl plus hydroxyl 
•Acts as an acid because the hydrogen can be donated to an acid, ionizing

Question 8

Amino

Answer 8

H-N-H
•Acts as a base
•Can pick up an H⁺

Question 9

Sulfhydryl

Answer 9

-SH
• Tends to confer polarity to that part of molecule
• In cross linking proteins (reactions between separate parts of the protein making a bridge)
• Confers polarity in some molecules

Question 10

Methyl

Answer 10

CH₃
• Generally not very reactive
• In gene expression
• If DNA gene has a methyl to it, it determines whether the gene is expressed or not.
	◦ Can depend on environmental factors

Question 11

Phosphate

Answer 11

• Confers a negative charge to molecules, can sometimes neutralize
• Can be removed from a water molecule, then theres a release of energy

Question 12

Isomers of organic molecules. Structural:

Answer 12

Structural: Same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of atoms

Question 13

Isomers of organic molecules. Geometric:

Answer 13

Geometric: same covalent arrangements, different spatial arrangements
•cis double bonds tend to put kinks in biological molecules ( or some parts)

Question 14

Isomers of organic molecules. Enantiomers:

Answer 14

Enantiomers
•mirror images of each other
•In molecules where one carbon has four different groups attached (asymmetric carbon)
•Many biological reactions are specific to one enantiomer
•Enantiomers of a drug may have different effects

Question 15

Polymers

Answer 15

Large molecules (polymers) - with repeating subunits (monomers)

Question 16

Polymerization

Answer 16

• Enzyme catalyzed ( in biological systems)
• Energy input
• Dehydration
• Also called condensation

Question 17

Hydrolysis of polymers

Answer 17

Hydro- water
Lysis – decomposition or breakdown
• Adding water breaks apart the Hydrogen and the Hydroxyl
•Enzymes often called hydrolases

Question 18

Functions of proteins

Answer 18

Enzymatic
Defensive
Storage
Transport
Hormonal
Receptor
Contractile and motor
Structural