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Biology 1020 > Acids, Bases, and Buffers (Intro) > Flashcards

Acids, Bases, and Buffers (Intro) Flashcards

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1
Q

What charge does water have and why?

A

Water is a “polar” molecule, meaning that there is an uneven distribution of electron density. Water has a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom due the unshared pairs of electrons, and partial positive charges near the hydrogen atoms.

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2
Q

The ability of ions and other molecules to dissolve in water is due to

A

polarity

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3
Q

Unique physical properties due to hydrogen bonding

A

high heat of vaporization, strong surface tension, high specific heat, and nearly universal solvent properties of water

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4
Q

H+ in regards to acids and bases

A

Acids release H⁺, bases accept H⁺

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5
Q

Alcohol

A

hydrocarbon with a hydrogen replaced by “OH”

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6
Q

Acid

A

hydrocarbon with a hydrogen replaced by a carboxyl “COOH”.

COOH -> COO⁻ + H⁺

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7
Q

Amine

A

hydrocarbon with a hydrogen replaced by an amine “NH₂”. Basic- accepts protons. NH₂ + H⁺ -> NH₃⁺

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8
Q

Phosphate

A

addition of -PO₄⁼ (switch)

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9
Q

Amino Acid

A

hydrocarbon with amino and carboxyl groups

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10
Q

The pH of a solution indicates

A

how much acid (acidity) or base (alkalinity) exists in a solution

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11
Q

An acid is….

A

a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution, usually by having one of its hydrogen atoms dissociate

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12
Q

A base…

A

provides either hydroxide ions (OH⁻) or other negatively charged ions that combine with hydrogen ions, reducing their concentration in the solution and thereby raising the pH. In cases where the base releases hydroxide ions, these ions bind to free hydrogen ions, generating new water molecules

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13
Q

The stronger the acid, the more readily it donates

A

H⁺

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14
Q

Strong bases are those substances that readily donate

A

OH⁻ or take up hydrogen ions

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15
Q

Buffers…

A

readily absorb excess H⁺ or OH⁻, keeping the pH of the body carefully maintained in the narrow range required for survival

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16
Q

Examples of buffers

A

carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), bicarbonate ion (HCO₃⁻), and carbon dioxide (CO₂)

17
Q

Viruses

A 
• Viruses are composed of
nucleic acids covered by a
proteinaceous coat. 
• They rely on the host cell
to divide. They do not
burn any fuels. 
• The DNA or RNA sequence
changes over time  in
response to
antivirals/human immune
systems.
18
Q

Evolution has been directly observed on…

A

short time scales

19
Q

What do biologists study?

A

Biosphere: all environments inhabited by life
Ecosystems: All the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic e.g. light, oxygen etc) components of an area
Communities: all organisms in an ecosystem
Populations: all individuals of a species
Organisms: individual living things
Organs and organ systems: carry out particular functions in the organism
Tissues: groups of similar cells; make up organs
Cells: fundamental unit of life, all organisms are made of cells
Organelles: components of cells
Molecules: chemical structure

20
Q

Properties of water : polarity

A
  • Oxygen is more electronegative
  • Stronger pull on shared electrons
  • Partial negative charge
  • Hydrogen has a partial positive charge
21
Q

Bond type and molecular shape

A

determine whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar

22
Q

Hydrogen bonds…

A

stabilize biological molecules and allows them to perform their biological function

23
Q

Water molecules have a ____ attraction to each other than to the air

A

higher

24
Q

Solution

A

liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of

substances

25
Q

Aqueous solution

A

solutes dissolved in the solvent water

26
Q

Cations

A

(+ve ions)- attracted to oxygen of water

27
Q

Anions

A

(-ve ions)- attracted to hydrogen of water

28
Q

Concentration

A

number of solute molecules for a given volume of solvent

29
Q 
Presence of solutes \_\_\_\_\_\_ the freezing point of
aqueous solutions (freezing point depression)
A

decreases

30
Q

Freezing point of seawater (-1.8C) is ____ than

freshwater

A

lower

31
Q

Some organisms ____ solutes in body fluids

to _____ freezing point

A

Some organisms increase solutes in body fluids

to lower freezing point

32
Q

Equilibrium of water

A
  • H atom in a H-bond between two water molecules can shift from one to the other: (rare but important)
  • H₂O molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they are being reformed
  • Rare but very important to biology
  • Concentration of hydronium and hydroxides can vary over orders of magnitude
  • Concentration of hydronium denoted as [H⁺]
33
Q

Buffers contain….

A

Buffers contain a weak acid and corresponding base,
which combine reversibly with H⁺ ions
Acid ↔ Base + H⁺

34
Q

An organelle is releasing protons into the cytoplasm. How will the buffers of the cytoplasm respond to this input?

A

Lowering pH

Biology 1020 (3 decks)

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