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Chemistry GCSE > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A covalently bonded alkane consisting of hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

What is the hydrocarbon general formula?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What is the homologous series?

A

Alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons

This means

  • the molecular formulae of neighbouring members differ by CH2
  • that they show a gradual variation in physical properties such as boiling points
  • that they have similar chemical properties
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4
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of different length hydrocarbons

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5
Q

What are the properties of small length hydrocarbons?

A 
Boiling point: Low
Flammability: High
Cleanliness of flame: clean
Viscosity: thin
Number of atoms: low
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6
Q

What are the properties of long hydrocarbons?

A 
Boiling point: High
Flammability: Low
Cleanliness of flame: low
Viscosity: thick
Number of atoms: high
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7
Q

What is a feedstock?

A

A chemical that can be produced in fractional distillation which can be use to make other chemicals such as:

  • solvents
  • lubricants
  • detergents
  • polymers
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8
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A

Catalytic cracking which uses heat and a catalyst
or
steam cracking where we use heat and steam

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9
Q

What is an alkene?

A

It is a hydrocarbon with a double carbon=carbon bond.

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10
Q

What is the difference between alkenes and their alkanes?

A
  • Alkenes have at least one double carbon=carbon bond.
  • Alkenes are more reactive than their alkane
  • Alkenes are unsaturated because they have two less hydrogen atoms than their equivalent alkane
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11
Q

How do we test for alkenes?

A

We use bromine water (yellow) and add the solution. If it turns colourless then there is an alkene present

Yellow->colourless

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12
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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13
Q

Why do alkenes produce unburnt carbon atoms when combusted?

A

Because they undergo incomplete combustion

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14
Q

What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion?

A

During incomplete combustion, hydrogen is still oxidised to water vapour but:

  • carbon may only be partially oxidised to carbon monoxide
  • carbon particles will be given out
  • less energy is given out
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15
Q

What is the alkene functional group?

A

The carbon double bond

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16
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

When an alkene is reacted at 150’c with a nickel catalyst to produce and alkane.

The double carbon bond splits to allow the two hydrogen atoms in

17
Q

What are alcohols?

A

a family of organic carbon based compounds that are part of the homologous series

18
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

the -OH group

19
Q

What are the common uses of alcohols?

A
  • Fuels
  • solvents
  • Alcoholic drinks
20
Q

What are the structures of the first three alcohols?

A

Methanol: CH3 OH
ethanol: CH3 CH2 OH
Propanol: CH3 CH2 CH2 Oh

21
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using hydration to make ethanol from ethene?

A

+ Produces a high yield

  • requires a high temperature
  • non renewable crude oil
22
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of producing ethanol through fermentation?

A

+ Uses yeast and a sugar solution which is renewable as can be grown
+doesn’t require much energy, 30’c
- the ethanol requires to be separated through distillation as it is made as part of a solution
-reaction must take lace without oxygen

glucose -> ethanol + CO2
(yeast)

23
Q

What happens when a alcohol reacts with a

A

a carboxylic acid and water

24
Q

What are the first three carboxylic acids structural formula

A

Methanoic acid
HCOOH

Ethanoic acid
CH3COOH

Propanoic acid
CH3CH2COOH

25
Q

What are carboxylic acids weak when in solution?

A

Because they only partially ionise the aqueous solution

26
Q

What are polymers?

A

a long chain of monomers

27
Q

How does addition polymerisation work?

A

Alkene monomers split their double carbon bond to join together to make a long polymer chain

28
Q

How do we write the repeating unit of a polymer?

A

take on of the sections and put brackets round it with a small n in the bottom right corner

29
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

When two or more different monomers join to form a long chain

Chemistry GCSE (10 decks)

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