Organic chemistry

Question 1

What is crude oil?

Answer 1

A finite resource

Question 2

How and where was crude oil made?

Answer 2

• Found in porous rocks in earth crust

- Formed over millions of years from remains of plankton

Question 3

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 3

A compound

Question 4

What are hydrocarbons made from?

Answer 4

Hydrogen and carbon

Question 5

The larger the hydrogen the What?

Answer 5

• More viscous
• Higher the B.P
• less volatile
• less easily it ignites

Question 6

How is crude oil seperated?

Answer 6

By fractional distillation

Question 7

What is an alkane?

Answer 7

They are saturated hydrocarbons

Question 8

What is the formula for an alkane?

Answer 8

C(n)H(2n+2)

Question 9

What happens during combustion?

Answer 9

• Both carbon and hydrogen are oxidised
• Energy is released
• Waste products are produced and are released into atmosphere

Question 10

What could happen if combustion is not complete?

Answer 10

Carbon monoxide could be produced

Question 11

What is carbon monoxide?

Answer 11

It is a colourless, odourless and toxic gas

Question 12

What is the process of hydrocarbons?

Answer 12

When large chain hydrocarbons are broken into shorter more useful hydrocarbons

Question 13

What happens during thermal cracking?

Answer 13

• The hydrocarbon is heated until vaporised

- Vapour is passed over a hot catalyst

Question 14

What do Alkenes form?

Answer 14

A double bond between the carbons

Question 15

What are Alkenes described as?

Answer 15

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Question 16

What is the formula for Alkenes?

Answer 16

C(n)H(2n)

Question 17

Describe the reactions of Alkenes?

Answer 17

• Alkenes are more reactive (due to double bond)
• Alkenes react with oxygen in combustion
• Tend to burn with smokier flames (due to incomplete combusition)

Question 18

What do Alkenes do in Bromine water?

Answer 18

They turn it from orange to colourless

Question 19

How can aqueous solution of ethanol be produced?

Answer 19

By fermentation

Question 20

What are alcohols?

Answer 20

They are carbon based molecules with the functional group -OH

Question 21

What do alcohols do?

Answer 21

• Dissolve in water forming neutral solutions
• React with sodium to produce hydrogen
• Burn in air producing C02 and H20

Question 22

What is the functional group for Carboxylic Acids?

Answer 22

-COOH

Question 23

Describe carboxylic acids.

Answer 23

• Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
• React with carbonates to produce CO2
• React with alcohols forming esters
• Do not ionise fully in water

Question 24

What forms esters?

Answer 24

Alcohols and carboxylic acids reacting together

Question 25

What is the functions group for esters?

Answer 25

-COO

Question 26

HT: | What are the two groups for Amino acids

Answer 26

- The amine group (NH2) | - AND the carboxyl group (COOH)

Question 27

What is DNA?

Answer 27

A very large molecule

Question 28

What is DNA made from?

Answer 28

It is made from two polymer chains constructed from four different nucleotides

Question 29

What are Starch and Cellulose?

Answer 29

They are polymers are sugars which are both forms of carbohydrates

Question 30

Why are alkenes useful for making polymers?

Answer 30

because they are unsaturated

Question 31

What is additional polymerisation?

Answer 31

When many monomers join together to form polymers

Question 32

What do the properties of polymers depend on?

Answer 32

- What it is made from | - The conditions it was made in (E.g. Temperature)

Question 33

Describe Termosoftening polymers.

Answer 33

- They have weak Intermolecular forces | - Consist of individual polymer chains which are tangled together

Question 34

Describe Termosetting polymers?

Answer 34

- Consists of polymer chains which are joined together by cross links. - Do not melt when are heated

Question 35

HT: | What are condensation polymers?

Answer 35

They are monomers which join together to form polymer molecules

Question 36

When are the simplest polymers formed

Answer 36

They are formed when diols join together with Dicarboxylic acids

Question 37

When Amino acids join together by condensation polymerisation what do they form?

Answer 37

They form polypeptides and water

Question 38

What is a peptide link?

Answer 38

is the bond formed between the carboxyl group and the amino acid groups when amino acids join together