Organic chemistry Flashcards
What is crude oil?
A finite resource
How and where was crude oil made?
- Found in porous rocks in earth crust
- Formed over millions of years from remains of plankton
What are hydrocarbons?
A compound
What are hydrocarbons made from?
Hydrogen and carbon
The larger the hydrogen the What?
- More viscous
- Higher the B.P
- less volatile
- less easily it ignites
How is crude oil seperated?
By fractional distillation
What is an alkane?
They are saturated hydrocarbons
What is the formula for an alkane?
C(n)H(2n+2)
What happens during combustion?
- Both carbon and hydrogen are oxidised
- Energy is released
- Waste products are produced and are released into atmosphere
What could happen if combustion is not complete?
Carbon monoxide could be produced
What is carbon monoxide?
It is a colourless, odourless and toxic gas
What is the process of hydrocarbons?
When large chain hydrocarbons are broken into shorter more useful hydrocarbons
What happens during thermal cracking?
- The hydrocarbon is heated until vaporised
- Vapour is passed over a hot catalyst
What do Alkenes form?
A double bond between the carbons
What are Alkenes described as?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
What is the formula for Alkenes?
C(n)H(2n)
Describe the reactions of Alkenes?
- Alkenes are more reactive (due to double bond)
- Alkenes react with oxygen in combustion
- Tend to burn with smokier flames (due to incomplete combusition)
What do Alkenes do in Bromine water?
They turn it from orange to colourless
How can aqueous solution of ethanol be produced?
By fermentation
What are alcohols?
They are carbon based molecules with the functional group -OH
What do alcohols do?
- Dissolve in water forming neutral solutions
- React with sodium to produce hydrogen
- Burn in air producing C02 and H20
What is the functional group for Carboxylic Acids?
-COOH
Describe carboxylic acids.
- Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
- React with carbonates to produce CO2
- React with alcohols forming esters
- Do not ionise fully in water
What forms esters?
Alcohols and carboxylic acids reacting together
What is the functions group for esters?
-COO
HT:
What are the two groups for Amino acids
- The amine group (NH2)
- AND the carboxyl group (COOH)
What is DNA?
A very large molecule
What is DNA made from?
It is made from two polymer chains constructed from four different nucleotides
What are Starch and Cellulose?
They are polymers are sugars which are both forms of carbohydrates
Why are alkenes useful for making polymers?
because they are unsaturated
What is additional polymerisation?
When many monomers join together to form polymers
What do the properties of polymers depend on?
- What it is made from
- The conditions it was made in (E.g. Temperature)
Describe Termosoftening polymers.
- They have weak Intermolecular forces
- Consist of individual polymer chains which are tangled together
Describe Termosetting polymers?
- Consists of polymer chains which are joined together by cross links.
- Do not melt when are heated
HT:
What are condensation polymers?
They are monomers which join together to form polymer molecules
When are the simplest polymers formed
They are formed when diols join together with Dicarboxylic acids
When Amino acids join together by condensation polymerisation what do they form?
They form polypeptides and water
What is a peptide link?
is the bond formed between the carboxyl group and the amino acid groups when amino acids join together
