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AQA Chemistry paper 2 > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A finite resource

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2
Q

How and where was crude oil made?

A
  • Found in porous rocks in earth crust

- Formed over millions of years from remains of plankton

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3
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

A compound

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons made from?

A

Hydrogen and carbon

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5
Q

The larger the hydrogen the What?

A
  • More viscous
  • Higher the B.P
  • less volatile
  • less easily it ignites
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6
Q

How is crude oil seperated?

A

By fractional distillation

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7
Q

What is an alkane?

A

They are saturated hydrocarbons

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8
Q

What is the formula for an alkane?

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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9
Q

What happens during combustion?

A
  • Both carbon and hydrogen are oxidised
  • Energy is released
  • Waste products are produced and are released into atmosphere
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10
Q

What could happen if combustion is not complete?

A

Carbon monoxide could be produced

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11
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

It is a colourless, odourless and toxic gas

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12
Q

What is the process of hydrocarbons?

A

When large chain hydrocarbons are broken into shorter more useful hydrocarbons

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13
Q

What happens during thermal cracking?

A
  • The hydrocarbon is heated until vaporised

- Vapour is passed over a hot catalyst

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14
Q

What do Alkenes form?

A

A double bond between the carbons

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15
Q

What are Alkenes described as?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

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16
Q

What is the formula for Alkenes?

A

C(n)H(2n)

17
Q

Describe the reactions of Alkenes?

A
  • Alkenes are more reactive (due to double bond)
  • Alkenes react with oxygen in combustion
  • Tend to burn with smokier flames (due to incomplete combusition)
18
Q

What do Alkenes do in Bromine water?

A

They turn it from orange to colourless

19
Q

How can aqueous solution of ethanol be produced?

A

By fermentation

20
Q

What are alcohols?

A

They are carbon based molecules with the functional group -OH

21
Q

What do alcohols do?

A
  • Dissolve in water forming neutral solutions
  • React with sodium to produce hydrogen
  • Burn in air producing C02 and H20
22
Q

What is the functional group for Carboxylic Acids?

A

-COOH

23
Q

Describe carboxylic acids.

A
  • Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
  • React with carbonates to produce CO2
  • React with alcohols forming esters
  • Do not ionise fully in water
24
Q

What forms esters?

A

Alcohols and carboxylic acids reacting together

25
Q

What is the functions group for esters?

A

-COO

26
Q

HT:

What are the two groups for Amino acids

A
  • The amine group (NH2)

- AND the carboxyl group (COOH)

27
Q

What is DNA?

A

A very large molecule

28
Q

What is DNA made from?

A

It is made from two polymer chains constructed from four different nucleotides

29
Q

What are Starch and Cellulose?

A

They are polymers are sugars which are both forms of carbohydrates

30
Q

Why are alkenes useful for making polymers?

A

because they are unsaturated

31
Q

What is additional polymerisation?

A

When many monomers join together to form polymers

32
Q

What do the properties of polymers depend on?

A
  • What it is made from

- The conditions it was made in (E.g. Temperature)

33
Q

Describe Termosoftening polymers.

A
  • They have weak Intermolecular forces

- Consist of individual polymer chains which are tangled together

34
Q

Describe Termosetting polymers?

A
  • Consists of polymer chains which are joined together by cross links.
  • Do not melt when are heated
35
Q

HT:

What are condensation polymers?

A

They are monomers which join together to form polymer molecules

36
Q

When are the simplest polymers formed

A

They are formed when diols join together with Dicarboxylic acids

37
Q

When Amino acids join together by condensation polymerisation what do they form?

A

They form polypeptides and water

38
Q

What is a peptide link?

A

is the bond formed between the carboxyl group and the amino acid groups when amino acids join together

AQA Chemistry paper 2 (3 decks)

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