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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Crude oil

A
  • formed over millions of years from the fossiles remains of plankton
  • found in porous rocks in earths crust
  • non renewable
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2
Q

Most compounds in crude oil are

A

Hydrocarbons

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3
Q

The larger the hydrocarbon:

A
  • more viscous
  • higher boiling point
  • less volatile
  • less easily it ignites
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4
Q

Crude oil can be separated by

A

Fractional distillation

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5
Q

A fraction is

A

A set of hydrocarbon molecules

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6
Q

The bigger the fraction

A

The bigger the boiling point

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7
Q

Fractional distillation steps

A
  1. Crude oil is heated to make a vapour
  2. Vapour rises up the column
  3. The column is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top
  4. Hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures depending on the boiling point
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8
Q

Alkenes are

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

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9
Q

Alkene + hydrogen —>

A

Alkane

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10
Q

The complete combustion of an alkane results in

A

The production of CO2 gas

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11
Q

Alkane are defined as

A

Saturated hydrocarbon

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12
Q

Alkane are

A
  • fairly un reactive

- burn well

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13
Q

What are used to make polymers

A

Alkenes

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14
Q

What’s a monomer

A

Small molecule with a double bond

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15
Q

How to represent polymerisation

A

Text book pg70

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16
Q

In addition polymerisation reactions

A
  • The repeating units and the monomer units contain the same atoms
  • the percentage atom economy is 100%
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17
Q

The properties of a polymer metal depend on

A
  • What it is made from(what monomer)

- The conditions under which it was made(catalyst/ temperature)

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18
Q

What is low density polythene used for

A

Carrier bags

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19
Q

What is high-density Polythene useful

A

Plastic bottles

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20
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

Monomer molecules joined together To form large polymer molecules and lose small molecules such as water

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21
Q

Meth

A

1

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22
Q

Eth

A

2

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23
Q

Prop

A

3

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24
Q

But

A

4

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25
Q

Pent

A

5

26
Q

Hex

A

6

27
Q

Most fuels arevcompounds of

A

Hydrogen and carbon

Many also contain sulfur

28
Q

During the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels

A
  • both carbon and hydrogen are oxidised
  • energy is released
  • waste products are released into the atmosphere
29
Q

Carbon monoxide is

A

Colourless
Odourless
Toxic gas

30
Q

Cracking is where

A

Longer- chain hydrocarbon can be broken down into shorter more useful hydrocarbon

31
Q

During thermal cracking

A
  • hydrocarbons heated until thu vaporise
  • valour passsed over a hat catalyst
  • thermal decomposition reaction takes place
32
Q

During steam cracking

A

Hydrocarbons are mixed with steam and heated to a high temperature 500

33
Q

Alkenes have a

A

Double bond

34
Q

Are alkenes or alkenes more reactive?

A

Alkenes because if the double carbon bond

35
Q

Alkenes burn with a

A

Smokey flame

36
Q

Alkene+ hydrogen —>

A

Alkane

37
Q

Alkene+steam—>

A

Alcohol

38
Q

Alkene turns bromine water

A

Colourless

39
Q

Aqueous solution of ethanol can by produced by

A

Fermentation of sugar

40
Q

During fermentation

Sugar—>

A

Ethanol+carbon dioxide

41
Q

Temperature during fermentation

Why

A

25-50 Celsius

Too low yeast inactive
Too high yeast denatured

42
Q

Alcoholic functional group

A

Hydroxyl -OH

43
Q

Alcohols:

A
  • Dissolve in water to form neutral solutions
  • React with sodium to produce hydrogen
  • Burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water
  • Are used as fuels and solvents
44
Q

Alcoholic drinks contain

A

Ethanol

45
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

Carboxyl

COOH

46
Q

Carboxylic acids:

A
  • Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
  • React with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
  • React with alcohol to form esters
  • Do not ionise fully in water so they are called weak acids
47
Q

If combustion is not complete

A

Then carbon monoxide, unburnt fuels and solid particles containing soot(carbon) may be released

48
Q

Particulates can cause

Solid particulates in the air

A

Global dimming by reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earths surface and cause damage to people’s lung

49
Q

Due to the high temperatures reached when fuels burn

A

Nitrogen in the air can react with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides

These gases can cause respiratory problems and can react with rain water to form acid rain

50
Q

Alkane Turns bromine water

A

Orange brown solution

51
Q

Ethene reacted with bromine forms

A

Dibromoethane

52
Q

Ethanol can be produced by

A

Fermentation of sugar

53
Q

Sugar—>

A

Ethanol + carbon dioxide

54
Q

The main acid and vinegar

A

Ethanoic acid

55
Q

Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid by

A

chemical oxidising agents or bacteria from the air

56
Q

Esters form from

A

Alcohol and carboxylic acids

57
Q

Esters fictional group

A

COO

58
Q

Ethanol + ethanoic acid

A

Ethyl ethanoate

Ester

59
Q

Esters are

A

Volatile compounds

Low boiling point

Distinctive smells perfumes

60
Q

Amino acids functional groups

A

Amine group NH2

Carboxyl group COOH

61
Q

DNA

A

Two polymer chains constructed from four different nucleotides

Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine

62
Q

Starch and cellulose

A

Polymers of sugar
Made by plants
Starch sugar and cellulose are all carbohydrates

Chemistry (6 decks)

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