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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the conditions needed for fermentation?

A

A temperature of 25 to 50 degrees, water (provided by the glucose solution) and an absence of oxygen.

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2
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A

COOH

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3
Q

Draw methanoic acid:

A

A double bond between C and O, a single bond between H and C and a sing bond between C and O and H.

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4
Q

Draw ethanoic acid:

A

3H with single bonds to C, another C connected to C with a single bond, 2O connected to C (one single, one double) and H connected to the single bond O.

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5
Q

Draw propanoic acid:

A

5H with single bonds to 2C, another C connected to C with a single bond, 2O connected to C (one single, one double) and H connected to the single bond O.

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6
Q

Draw butanoic acid:

A

7H with single bonds to 3C, another C connected to C with a single bond, 2O connected to C (one single, one double) and H connected to the single bond O.

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7
Q

What are the uses of carboxylic acids?

A

Preparation of food as vinegar (dilute ethanoic acid), soaps, medicines, industrial solvents, perfumes.

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8
Q

The reaction of a carboxylic acid with a carbonate.

A

A salt, carbon dioxide and water are formed

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9
Q

The reaction of a carboxylic acid with water.

A

In solution in water, a hydrogen ion is transferred from the -COOH group to a water molecule.

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10
Q

The reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol.

A

An ester is formed. This is called the Fischer esterification.

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11
Q

Define monomer

A

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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12
Q

Define polymer

A

A substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g. many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.

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13
Q

Describe polymerisation

A

Some small molecules join together to make very long molecules called polymers.

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14
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Many small monomer molecules join together to form one large polymer, with water, or some other small molecule formed at the same time.

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15
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

A double helix structure.

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16
Q

How does DNA relate to amino acids?

A

Genes are sections of the DNA. Each gene has the code for creating a specific protein. The sequence of bases in the gene controls which amino acids are created and joined to make a specific new protein (or enzyme) molecule.

17
Q

Basic structure of an amino acid

A

C with a single bond to H, N, R, C. N has a single bond to 2H, and C has a double bond to O and a single bond to OH.

18
Q

What are the properties of alcohols?

A

Flammable, react with sodium, can be used as a disinfectant.

19
Q

What are the uses of alcohols?

A

Solvents, dye, drinks, spirits, fuels.

20
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak?

A

The acids do not fully ionise in water. Only a small portion ionise, leaving most of the molecules virtually the same. Therefore, the molecules do not split up and have a higher pH, with a lower concentration.

21
Q

What compound do carboxylic acids react with?

A

Metal carbonates.

22
Q

How does ethanol make ethanoic acid?

A

Through oxidation. Ethanol reacts with oxygen atoms from an oxidising agent to form an acid.

23
Q

What is the process for making an ester?

A

A test tube containing:

  • 10 drops of carboxylic acid
  • 10 drops of alcohol
  • 1 drop of sulfuric acid as a catalyst

Use a bunsen burner to heat some water in a beaker and use it as a water bath for the test tube.

Add sodium carbonate to a boiling tube and pour the solution into the boiling tube.

24
Q

How do you write ethanoic acid?

A

CH3COOH.

25
Q

What two reactants are used to make an ester?

A

A carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

26
Q

What is the functional group for alcohols?

A

OH.

27
Q

What two reactants are used to make an ester?

A

A carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

28
Q

Name a common ester.

A

Ethyl ethanoate.

29
Q

What are the uses of esters?

A

Cheap perfumes, food flavouring and scents.

30
Q

What colour does bromine go when an alkane is added.

A

It remains yellow.

31
Q

What colour does bromine go when an alkene is added?

A

It goes from yellow to colourless.

32
Q

What happens when hydrogen is added to an alkene?

A

It becomes an alkane (two more hydrogens).

33
Q

What happens when an alkene reacts with water?

A

It produces an alcohol.

34
Q

What is the functional group for esters?

A

COOC.

35
Q

What is the formula for the addition reaction of an alkene with bromine or any group 7 element?

A

C2H4 + Br2 —> C2H4Br2

36
Q

What is the general formula for the addition reaction of alkenes?

A

The two atoms used to join with the alkene bond with both carbons above the carbons.

Chemistry (19 decks)

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