Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What are the conditions needed for fermentation?
A temperature of 25 to 50 degrees, water (provided by the glucose solution) and an absence of oxygen.
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
COOH
Draw methanoic acid:
A double bond between C and O, a single bond between H and C and a sing bond between C and O and H.
Draw ethanoic acid:
3H with single bonds to C, another C connected to C with a single bond, 2O connected to C (one single, one double) and H connected to the single bond O.
Draw propanoic acid:
5H with single bonds to 2C, another C connected to C with a single bond, 2O connected to C (one single, one double) and H connected to the single bond O.
Draw butanoic acid:
7H with single bonds to 3C, another C connected to C with a single bond, 2O connected to C (one single, one double) and H connected to the single bond O.
What are the uses of carboxylic acids?
Preparation of food as vinegar (dilute ethanoic acid), soaps, medicines, industrial solvents, perfumes.
The reaction of a carboxylic acid with a carbonate.
A salt, carbon dioxide and water are formed
The reaction of a carboxylic acid with water.
In solution in water, a hydrogen ion is transferred from the -COOH group to a water molecule.
The reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol.
An ester is formed. This is called the Fischer esterification.
Define monomer
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
Define polymer
A substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g. many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.
Describe polymerisation
Some small molecules join together to make very long molecules called polymers.
What is condensation polymerisation?
Many small monomer molecules join together to form one large polymer, with water, or some other small molecule formed at the same time.
What is the structure of DNA
A double helix structure.
How does DNA relate to amino acids?
Genes are sections of the DNA. Each gene has the code for creating a specific protein. The sequence of bases in the gene controls which amino acids are created and joined to make a specific new protein (or enzyme) molecule.
Basic structure of an amino acid
C with a single bond to H, N, R, C. N has a single bond to 2H, and C has a double bond to O and a single bond to OH.
What are the properties of alcohols?
Flammable, react with sodium, can be used as a disinfectant.
What are the uses of alcohols?
Solvents, dye, drinks, spirits, fuels.
Why are carboxylic acids weak?
The acids do not fully ionise in water. Only a small portion ionise, leaving most of the molecules virtually the same. Therefore, the molecules do not split up and have a higher pH, with a lower concentration.
What compound do carboxylic acids react with?
Metal carbonates.
How does ethanol make ethanoic acid?
Through oxidation. Ethanol reacts with oxygen atoms from an oxidising agent to form an acid.
What is the process for making an ester?
A test tube containing:
- 10 drops of carboxylic acid
- 10 drops of alcohol
- 1 drop of sulfuric acid as a catalyst
Use a bunsen burner to heat some water in a beaker and use it as a water bath for the test tube.
Add sodium carbonate to a boiling tube and pour the solution into the boiling tube.
How do you write ethanoic acid?
CH3COOH.
What two reactants are used to make an ester?
A carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
What is the functional group for alcohols?
OH.
What two reactants are used to make an ester?
A carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
Name a common ester.
Ethyl ethanoate.
What are the uses of esters?
Cheap perfumes, food flavouring and scents.
What colour does bromine go when an alkane is added.
It remains yellow.
What colour does bromine go when an alkene is added?
It goes from yellow to colourless.
What happens when hydrogen is added to an alkene?
It becomes an alkane (two more hydrogens).
What happens when an alkene reacts with water?
It produces an alcohol.
What is the functional group for esters?
COOC.
What is the formula for the addition reaction of an alkene with bromine or any group 7 element?
C2H4 + Br2 —> C2H4Br2
What is the general formula for the addition reaction of alkenes?
The two atoms used to join with the alkene bond with both carbons above the carbons.
