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A Level Chemistry 1 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition organic compound

A

compound contains carbon and hydrogen in covalently bonded structure

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2
Q

Definition catenation

A

carbon’s ability to link itself to form chains and rings

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3
Q

Definition saturation

A

compounds with single carbon bonds, ex alkanes

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4
Q

Definition unsaturation

A

compounds with carbon double or triple bonds, ex alkenes, arenes

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5
Q

Definition Aliphatics

A

compounds which do not contain a benzene ring, may be saturated or unsaturated.
- ex alkanes, alkenes

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6
Q

Definition Arenes

A

compounds which contain a benzene ring

  • unsaturated
  • ex benzene, phenol
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7
Q

Definition Electrophile (electron-seeking)

A
  • an electron deficient species which is attracted to parts of molecules that are electron rich
  • electrophiles are positives ions or have a partial positive change
  • ex NO2+, H+
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8
Q

Definition Nucleophile (nucleus-seeking)

A
  • electron rich species which is attracted to parts of molecules that are electron deficient
  • nucleophiles have a long pair of electrons and may have a negative charge
  • ex- Cl-, OH-, NH3
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9
Q

Addition Reaction

A
  • occurs when two reactants combine to form a single product

- unsaturated compounds

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10
Q

Substitution Reaction

A
  • occurs when one atom or group of atoms in compound is replaced by a different atom or group
  • saturated compounds or aromatic compounds
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11
Q

Addition- Elimination Reaction

A
  • occurs when two reactants join together (addition) and in the process a small molecule is lost (elimination)
  • between functional group in each reactant
  • called condensation reaction
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12
Q

Definition Homolytic fission

A
  • when a covalent bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of electrons between two products
  • produces two free radicals, each with an unpaired electron
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13
Q

Definition Heterolytic fission

A
  • when a covalent bond breaks with both the shared electrons going to one of the products
  • produces two oppositely charged ions
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14
Q

Way to remember order of alkanes

A

my enormous penis bangs pussy hard

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15
Q

alcohol functional group suffix and functional group

A
  • anol

- OH

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16
Q

alkyne functional group suffix and functional group

A
  • yne

- triple bond between 2 carbons

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17
Q

ether functional group suffix and functional group

A
  • oxyalkane

- R–O–R

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18
Q

aldehyde functional group suffix and functional group

A
  • anal

- C=O, C-H

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19
Q

ketone functional group suffix and functional group

A
  • anone
  • C-C-C
    =
    O
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20
Q

carboxylic acid functional group suffix and functional group

A
  • antic acid

- C=O, C-OH

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21
Q

ester functional group suffix and functional group

A
  • anoate

- C=O, C-OC

22
Q

Primary carbon atom

A

attached to functional group and at least two hydrogen atoms

23
Q

Secondary carbon atom

A
  • attached to functional group, one hydrogen atom, two alkyl groups (C atoms)
24
Q

Tertiary carbon atom

A
  • attached to functional group, 3 alkyl groups, no hydrogen atoms
25
Q

Primary nitrogen atom

A
  • attached to alkyl group, at least 2 hydrogen atoms
26
Q

Secondary Nitrogen atom

A
  • 1 hydrogen atom, two alkyl groups
27
Q

Tertiary Nitrogen atom

A
  • 3 alkyl groups
28
Q

Arenes definition

A
  • class of compounds derived from Benzene (C6H6)
  • properties distinct from other organic compounds
  • Have functional group: C6H5-
29
Q

Basics of Alkanes

A
  • saturated hydrocarbons
  • only react in presence of strong source of energy
  • stable under most conditions: stored, transported safely
  • non-polar bonds, so low reactivity
30
Q

Combustion of Alkanes

A
  • highly exothermic- release a lot of energy when combust
31
Q

In complete combustion of alkanes, the products are:

A
  • CO2 and H20

- products are fully oxidized

32
Q

In incomplete combustion of alkanes where oxygen supply is limited and super limited:

A
  • limited: creates water and Carbon Monoxide

- super limited: create carbon

33
Q

What is a difference that can be observed about the flame between alkanes and alkenes?

A

in alkenes, as C:H ratio increases with unsaturation, there’s a more smoky flame because of the unburned Carbon

34
Q

Products of alkane combustion effects on environment

A
  • CO2 and H20- greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation and contribute to climate change and global warming
  • CO is fatal toxin at high concentrations because it bonds to hemoglobin in blood
  • Unburned Carbon particles- lead to respiratory effects and global dimming (form smog in polluted air)
35
Q

Substitution reaction of alkanes

A
  • halogen takes place of H atom in alkane

- UV light necessary to break covalent bond of Chlorine molecule

36
Q

Steps of substitution reaction of alkanes

A

initiation- forms two free radicles

propagation- free radicles react with other reactants or products, produce more free radicles (chain reaction)

termination- free radicles react with other free radicles, stopping the chain reaction

37
Q

Alkanes and Alkenes in Bromine water

A
  • bromine water orange-brown
  • alkane and bromine water= still orange brown
  • alkene and bromine water= bromine water decolorized. Bromine blinded to extra carbon chains
38
Q

Alkene Basics

A
  • unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • carbon- carbon double bond
  • carbon atoms in bond have trigonal planar shape with 120 degrees angle
  • more reactive than alkanes- one of the double bond is easily broken
  • addition reaction forms different saturated products
39
Q

What bond angle to alkenes have

A

carbon atoms that form double bond have trigonal planar shape, angle 120 degrees

40
Q

Addition of Hydrogen to Alkenes

A
  • form alkanes with higher melting points
  • nickel catalyst at 150 degrees Celsius
  • called hydrogenation
  • done in margarine industry, so margarine is solid at room temperature
41
Q

Addition of Halogens to Alkenes

A
  • form dihalogeno compounds
  • result in loss of color of halogen
  • happen quickly at room temperature
42
Q

Addition of Halogens to Alkenes

A
  • form dihalogeno compounds
  • result in loss of color of halogen
  • happen quickly at room temperature
  • form alkane
43
Q

Addition of halogen halides (ex HCl, HBr) to Alkenes

A
  • form alkane
  • reactivity is HI>HBr>HCl
    HI has weakest bond, and reacts more readily
44
Q

Addition of water to Alkenes

A
  • hydration- reaction with water
  • converts alkene into alcohol
  • concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst (H2SO4)
  • ethanol is manufactured in large scale, is a solvent
45
Q

addition polymers

A
  • long chained alkenes
  • able to be joined together because they readily break their double bond and undergo addition reactions
  • ex ethene —-> polythene
46
Q

Nucleophilic substitution

A

reactions where halogen is substituted

47
Q

Electrophilic substitution

A

when an electrophile is attracted to an electron rich area and substitution occurs

48
Q

Reaction of benzene with halogens

A

C6H6 + Cl2 = C6H5Cl + HCl

49
Q

Properties of Benzene

A
  • high degree of unsaturation because of 1:1 ration of carbon to hydrogen
  • 1 isomer
  • reluctant to undergo addition reactions
  • each carbon has 3 single bonds (120 degrees)
  • delocalized electrons is a stable arrangement- symmetrical cloud of electron charge above and below plane
50
Q

Benzene Bonding

A
  • all carbon-carbon bond lengths equal
  • more likely to undergo substitution to preserve stable ring structure
  • more stable structure than predicted by Kekule
51
Q

What is the one isomer of benzene?

A

1,2- dibromobenzene

52
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Series of compounds with the same general formula but differ in structural unit.

A Level Chemistry 1 (11 decks)

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