Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry 9-1 iGCSE Oxford AQA > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound that is formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Do the properties of hydrocarbons change as the chain changes length?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name 3 properties of shorter carbon chain

A
  • More runny hydrocarbon is - less viscous (gloopy)
  • More volatile (turns into a gas at a lower temperature)
  • More flammable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name 2 hydrocarbons

A
  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of series are alkanes?

A

Homologous series

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define a homologous series

A

A group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of bonds to alkanes have?

A

C-C single bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

Cn H2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of compounds are alkanes and what does this mean?

A

Saturated Compounds

Each carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the 1st four alkanes

A
  1. Methane
  2. Ethane
  3. Propane
  4. Butane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the formula for methane and draw it

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the formula for ethane and draw it

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the formula for propane and draw it

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the formula for butane and draw it

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does complete combustion occur?

A

When there’s plenty of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does complete combustion release a lot of energy?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the waste products of complete combustion

A

Carbon dioxide and water vapour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens during complete combustion to both the carbon and hydrogen from hydrocarbon?

A

They are oxidised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why are hydrocarbons used as fuels?

A

Due to (large) amount of energy released when they combust completely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

State the word equation for complete combustion

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens when you burn alkenes in large amounts of oxygen?

A

Alkenes combust completely to produce only water and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When you burn alkenes in the air, what do they tend to do?

A

They tend to undergo incomplete combustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

State the word equation incomplete combustion of when using alkenes

A

alkene + oxygen → carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of flame does incomplete combustion result in?

A

Smoky yellow flame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Does incomplete combustion release a lot of energy?

A

Not really - less energy is released compared to complete combustion (of same compound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Mixture of lots of different hydrocarbons (most are alkanes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A
  • Formed from remains of plants and animals, (mainly plankton) that died millions of years ago and were buried in mud
  • Over millions of years, with high temperature and pressure, the remains turn into crude oil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is crude oil useful?

A

The mixture as a whole is useless but compounds are useful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How can the different compounds in crude oil be separated?

A

By fractional distillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is 1st step in fractional distillation?

A

Oil is heated until most of it has turned into gas. Gases enter a fractionating column (liquid bit is drained off).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Step 2: In the fractionating column what is temperature gradient?

A

It’s hot at the bottom and gets cooler at the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Step 3: What happens to the longer hydrocarbons and why?

A

They condense back into liquids and drain out of column early on - when they’re near bottom bc longer hydrocarbons ← high boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Step 4: What happens to the shorter hydrocarbons and why?

A

They condense and drain out much later on - near top of column where it’s cooler ← lower boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Step 5: What overall happens to the crude oil?

A

Crude oil mixture is separated into different fractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does each fraction contain?

A

Mixture of hydrocarbons that contain a similar number of carbon atoms = have similar boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Name 2 uses of crude oil

A
  • Fuel for most modern transport e.g. diesel oil
  • Used as feedstock to make new compounds e.g. polymers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are all products from crude oil examples of?

A

Organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are organic compounds

A

Compounds containing carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why do you get such a large variety of products from crude oil?

A

Carbon atoms can bond together to form different groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why do short-chain hydrocarbons make good fuels?

A

They are flammable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do long-chain hydrocarbons form?

A

Form thick gloopy liquids like tar (isn’t that useful)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process of splitting up longer alkane molecules (long-chain hydrocarbons) into smaller more useful ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does cracking produce?

A

Alkanes and alkenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are alkenes used for?

A

Used as a starting material when making lots of other compounds (can be used to make polymers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition reaction - breaking down molecules by heating them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Name the 2 methods of cracking

A

Catalytic cracking & steam cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Describe catalytic cracking

A
  1. Heat long-chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them (turn them into a gas)
  2. Vapour can be passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
  3. Long-chain molecules split apart on surface of specks of catalyst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe steam cracking

A
  1. Vaporise long-chain hydrocarbons
  2. Mix them with steam
  3. Then heat them to a very high temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What types of bonds do alkenes have?

A

C=C Double Bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Hydrocarbons which have double bond between two carbon atoms in their chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does having C=C double bond mean for alkenes?

A

Means that alkenes have two fewer hydrogens compared with alkanes containing the same number of carbon atoms

52
Q

What makes alkenes unsaturated?

A

C=C double bond means that alkenes have two fewer hydrogens compared with alkanes containing the same number of carbon atoms

53
Q

What makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

C=C double bond can open up to make a single bond = allowing two carbon atoms to bond with other atoms

54
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

Cn H2n

55
Q

Name the 1st 4 alkenes and how carbon atoms each has

A
  1. Ethene - 2 carbon atoms
  2. Propene - 3 carbon atoms
  3. Butene - 4 carbon atoms
  4. Pentene - 5 carbon atoms
56
Q

Draw ethene and name the formula

A
57
Q

Draw propene and name the formula

A

See mind map

58
Q

Draw butene and name the formula

A
59
Q

Draw pentene and name the formula

A
60
Q

What happens when bromine water is added to a saturated compound like an alkane?

A

No reaction will happen & it’ll stay bright orange

61
Q

What happens bromine water is added to an alkene?

A

The bromine will add across the double bond, making a colourless solution (dibromo-compound - so bromine water is decolourised)

62
Q

When alkenes react with steam, what happens?

A

Water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is formed

63
Q

How can ethanol be made?

A

By mixing ethene with steam and then passing it over a catalyst (ethene + water → ethanol)

64
Q

Describe how ethanol can be made industrially from reacting steam with alkenes

A
  1. Ethene and steam is reacted together
  2. After reaction mixture is passed from reactor into a condenser
  3. Ethanol and water have a higher boiling point than ethene = both condense whilst any unreacted ethene gas is recycled back into reactor
  4. Alcohol can then be purified from mixture by fractional distillation
65
Q

What is the functional group for alcohols?

A

‘-OH’

66
Q

What is general formula for alcohols?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

67
Q

Name the first 4 alcohols in homologous series

A
  1. Methanol
  2. Ethanol
  3. Propanol
  4. Butanol
68
Q

Name 4 properties of 1st four alcohols

A
  1. Soluble in water - their solutions have a neutral pH
  2. Flammable - undergo complete combustion in air
  3. React with sodium (one of products is hydrogen)
  4. Can be oxidised by reacting with oxygen (e.g. from air) to produce carboxylic acid
69
Q

Name the 2 ways alcohols can be made

A

Fermentation & Hydration (reacting alkenes with steam)

70
Q

Describe how ethanol can be produced using fermentation

A
  1. Fermentation uses an enzyme yeast to convert sugars into ethanol (sugar → ethanol + carbon dioxide)
71
Q

Why is the ethanol produced aqueous?

A

Reaction occurs in solution

72
Q

What is produced bedsides ethanol when using fermentation?

A

Carbon dioxide

73
Q

Name the 3 conditions that fermentation happens fastest in

A
  • At a temperature of around 37°C
  • In a slightly acidic solution
  • Under anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)
74
Q

Why does fermentations occur fastest in certain conditions?

A

Under the right conditions, the enzyme in yeast works best to covert sugar to alcohol

75
Q

What happens if the conditions for fermentation are different (e.g. lower pH/higher temperature or higher pH/lower temperature)?

A

Enzyme could be denatured or could work at much slower rate

76
Q

How can ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid?

A

Either by chemical oxidising agents or by microbial action

77
Q

What is ethanoic acid the main ingredient in?

A

vinegar

78
Q

Name 2 advantages of using fermentation to make ethanol

A
  • Renewable resource (glucose from plants)
  • Warm (30°C), normal pressure (1 atm) - less energy need = cheaper costs
79
Q

Name 3 disadvantages of using fermentation to make ethanol

A
  • Process is in batches (stop-start) = slow
  • Rate of reaction is slow
  • A lot of workers needed
  • Product is impure (needs treatment)
80
Q

Name 4 advantages of using hydration to make ethanol

A
  • Continuous process (runs all the time)
  • Few workers needed
  • Fast rate of reaction
  • Pure ethanol produced (no by-products made)
81
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of using hydration to make ethanol

A
  • Non-renewable resoruce (ethene from crude oil)
  • High temperature (300°C) and high pressure (60-70 atm) = lot of energy needed = higher costs
82
Q

What are polymers?

A

Are long molecules

83
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

When lots of small molecules (monomers) join together to form long molecules (polymers)

84
Q

What are used to make polymers?

A

Alkenes e.g. poly(ethene)

85
Q

What are 2 things polymerisation usually needs?

A

Usually needs high pressure and a catalyst

86
Q

What are plastics made up of

A

Polymers that are usually carbon based and their monomers are often alkenes

87
Q

What are 2 things that affect the properties of polymers?

A
  • Monomers used (what they’re made out of)
  • Reaction conditions
88
Q

What conditions are needed to produce low-density (LD) poly(ethene)?

A

Very high pressures & trace of oxygen

89
Q

What are polymer chains like in LDPE and how does this affect its density?

A

Polymer chains randomly branched ∴ they cannot pack closely together = lower density

90
Q

What conditions are needed to produce high-density (HD) poly(ethene)?

A

Uses catalyst at 50°C & slightly raised pressure

91
Q

What are polymer chains like in HDPE and how does this affect its density?

A

Made up of straighter poly(ethene) chains ∴ they can pack more closely together = higher density

92
Q

How does HDPE’s properties differ from LDPE’s properties?

A

HDPE has higher softening temperature & is stronger than LDPE

93
Q

How are atoms in polymer chains bonded together?

A

Bonded together with very strong covalent bonds

94
Q

What is the size of the forces between polymer molecules in plastics?

A

Size of forces varies in different plastics

95
Q

Describe what happens if thermosetting polymers are heated and why?

A

Will not soften because of their ‘cross linking’ but will eventually char if heated very strongly

96
Q

What is meant by ‘cross linking’?

A

Monomers in (thermosetting polymers) make strong covalent bonds between polymer chains = covalent ‘cross links’ don’t let them separate

97
Q

Describe what happens if thermosoftening polymers are heated and why?

A

Will soften or melt easily because when heated their intermolecular forces (between polymer chains) are relatively weak

98
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

Cn H2n+1 COOH (starts at ethanoic acid (n=1) & DOESN’T apply to methanoic acid)

99
Q

Why can unsaturated monomer molecules (alkenes) join together to form polymer chains?

A

Because they can open their double bonds & join together to form polymer chains

100
Q

Draw ethene → poly(ethene)

A
101
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

A homologous series of compounds that all have ‘-COOH’ as a functional group

102
Q

What do the names of carboxylic acids end in?

A

‘anoic acid’

103
Q

Name the 1st four carboxylic acids

A
  1. Methanoic Acid
  2. Ethanoic Acid
  3. Propanoic Acid
  4. Butanoic Acid
104
Q

Name the formula and draw the methanoic acid

A
105
Q

How do carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

A

They react like any other acid with carbonates to produce a salt, water & carbon dioxide

106
Q

What do salts formed from carboxylic acids and carbonates end with?

A

‘-anoate’

107
Q

Will carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

Yes

108
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

They ionise and release H+ ions = resulting in acidic solution

109
Q

Why do carboxylic acids form weak acidic solutions when they dissolve in water and does this mean?

A
  • They don’t ionise completely (not all acid molecules release their H+ ions)
  • Means they have higher pH than aqueous solutions of strong acids with same concentration
110
Q

What are esters formed from?

A

An alcohol and a carboxylic acid

111
Q

What is functional group for esters?

A

‘-COO-‘

112
Q

What is usually used during the production of an ester?

A

An acid catalyst is usually used (e.g. concentrated sulfuric acid)

113
Q

Name an ester

A

Ethyl ethanoate

114
Q

What is ethyl ethanoate made from?

A

Ethanotic acid and ethanol with an acid catalyst

115
Q

Write the word equation for producing ethyl ethanoate

A

ethanotic acid + ethanol → ethyl ethanoate + water

116
Q

Write the balanced symbol equation for producing ethyl ethanoate

A

CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

117
Q

Draw the equation for producing ethyl ethanoate

A
118
Q

What are esters?

A

Volatile compounds with distinctive smells

119
Q

What are esters used as?

A

Used as favourings and perfumes

120
Q

What is general word equation for producing esters?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water

* above → is acid catalyst

121
Q

Name the formula and draw the ethanoic acid

A
122
Q

Name the formula and draw the propanoic acid

A
123
Q

Name the formula and draw the butanoic acid

A
124
Q

Name the formula and draw the methanol

A
125
Q

Name the formula and draw the ethanol

A
126
Q

Name the formula and draw the propanol

A
127
Q

Name the formula and draw the butanol

A

Chemistry 9-1 iGCSE Oxford AQA (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions