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Chemistry 9-1 iGCSE Oxford AQA > Acids, Bases and Salts > Flashcards

Acids, Bases and Salts Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

A measure of how acidic or alkaline a solution is

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2
Q

What’s the pH of normal rain?

A

5.6

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3
Q

What the pH of acid rain?

A

Around 4

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4
Q

Give an example of an acid that has pH of around 1

A
  1. Car battery acid 2. Acid in stomach
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5
Q

Give an example of an acid that has pH of around 3

A
  1. Vingar 2. Lemon juice
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6
Q

Give an example of a substance that has a pH around 8-9

A

Washing-up liquid

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7
Q

Give an example of a substance that has a pH around 12

A

Bleach `

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8
Q

Give an example of a substance that has a pH around 13-14

A

Drain cleaner

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9
Q

What are examples of bases?

A

Metal oxides and hydroxides

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10
Q

What are bases?

A

Substance that will react with acid to form salt

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11
Q

What is an alkali?

A

Base that dissolves in water to from solution

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12
Q

What are examples of alkalis?

A

Soluble hydroxides

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13
Q

What’s the word equation for neturalisation?

A

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

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14
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for neutralisation? (include states)

A

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)

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15
Q

What makes solutions acidic?

A

Hydrogen ions, H+(aq)

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16
Q

What makes solutions alkaline?

A

Hydroxide ions, OH-(aq)

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17
Q

What’s the symbol for hydrochloric acid?

A

HCl

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18
Q

What’s the symbol nitric acid?

A

HNO3

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19
Q

What’s the symbol sulfuric acid?

A

H2SO4

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20
Q

What’s the symbol for chloride?

21
Q

What’s the symbol for nitrate?

22
Q

What’s the symbol for sulfate?

23
Q

When ammonia dissolves in water, what is produced?

A

Alkaline solution (ammonium hydroxide)

24
Q

What is ammonium hydroxide used for?

A

Used to produce ammonium salts

25
Q

When calcium hydroxide in water (limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide, what is produced?

A

Calcium carbonate

26
Q

How can souble salts be made?

A

By reacting acids with metals, insouble bases or alkalis

27
Q

Why are not all metals suitable for making souble salts?

A

Some too reactive and others not enough

28
Q

What can be used to show when an acid and alkali have completely reacted to produce salt solution?

29
Q

Give an example of an insoluble base and acid that can be reacted together to give a souble salt (name souble salt made)

A

Make copper chloride using hydrochloric acid and copper oxide

30
Q

Explain how you would make copper chloride

A
  1. Warm dilute acid using Bunsen burner & then turn it off
  2. Add insoluble base to acid a bit at a time until no more reacts (i.e. until base in excess). Know when acid has been naturalised: after stirring = excess solids sinks to bottom of flask.
  3. Filter excess solid to get salt solution
  4. (Cystallisation) Heat solution in water bath or electric heater to evaporate some of water
  5. Then stop heating it and leave solution to cool
  6. Crystals of salt should form = can be filtered out of solution and then dried
31
Q

How can solid salts be produced from salt solutions?

A

Via crystallisation

32
Q

What is precipitation used for?

A

Used to remove unwanted ions from solutions

33
Q

Give an example of when precipitation is used in real life

A

E.g. treating water for drinking or in treating effluent

34
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

When an insoluble salt (solid) is formed from combing 2 solutions containing soluble salts

35
Q

Describe the method for a precipitation

A
  1. Sodium iodide (solution 1) + silver nitrate (solution 2) (undergo a double displacement reaction)
  2. To isolate iodide (precipitate), filter it with funnel lined with filter paper (conical flask with catch excess sodium nitrate)
  3. Since it’s insoluble, can rinse contents with distilled water to ensure that you get all of precipitate produced
36
Q

What is distilled water?

A

Water with ion impurities removed

37
Q

What is residue?

A

Solid that stays behind in the filter paper

38
Q

What is a filtrate?

A

Liquid that passes through filter paper

39
Q

What does acids do in aqueous solutions?

A

Ionise it (produce hydrogen ions, H+)

40
Q

What do strong acids do in water?

A

Ionise completely in water

41
Q

What do strong acids do in water, in terms of particles?

A

All acid particles dissociate to release H+ ions

42
Q

What do weak acids do in water?

A

Don’t fully ionise in solution

43
Q

What do weak acids do in water, in terms of particles?

A

Only small proportion of acid particles dissociate to release H+ ions

44
Q

What type of reaction is the ionisation of weak acids in water?

A

A reversible reaction

45
Q

What do reactions of acids involve when reacting with other substances?

46
Q

Why are strong acids more reactive than weak acids of same concentration?

A

Concentration of H+ ions is higher = rate of reaction is faster

47
Q

What does the strength of an acid tell you?

A

What proportion of acid molecules ionise in water

48
Q

What does the concentration of an acid measure?

A

Measures how much acid there’s in a certain volume of water i.e. how watered down an acid is

Chemistry 9-1 iGCSE Oxford AQA (11 decks)

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