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Chemistry 1 > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound composed of carbon carbon bonds and hydrogen.

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2
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon that contains a double or triple carbon carbon bond, so not all carbon atoms are surrounded by hydrogen atoms. Alkenes or alkynes.

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3
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon that only contains single carbon-carbon bonds so each carbon atoms is surrounded by hydrogen atoms. Alkanes.

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4
Q

Why are hydrocarbons nonpolar?

A

Very little difference between the electronegativities of hydrogen and carbon.

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5
Q

How can alkanes react?

A

Combustion, and substitution. Substitution requires UV light to break the bonds to allow for other atoms to join on.

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6
Q

What is the formula of alkanes?

A

Cn H2n+2

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7
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Organic molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

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8
Q

What are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

A

Hydrocarbons are nearly non polar and do not contain any dipoles due to H and C atoms having similar electronegativities so they are unable to dissolve in water as they cannot interact with waters hydrogen bonding since they only have dispersion forces..

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9
Q

Why do hydrocarbons have an increased boiling point with increased molecular lengths?

A

The increase in boiling temp with size reflects the increase in dispersion forces between molecules. A higher dispersion force requires more energy to break apart molecules.

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10
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of an organic compounds where one member differs from the previous by a CH2.

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11
Q

How can alkenes react?

A

Combustion, and addition. Alkenes can undergo addition reactions because their double bond allows for more atoms to join on.

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12
Q

How can alkynes react?

A

Alkynes can undergo addition and combustion reactions.

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13
Q

What are the aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

Unsaturated cyclic compounds e.g. benzene: bonds intermediate between single and double.

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14
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Bond, atom or group that give a molecule its specific properties.

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15
Q

What is an alcohol group called?

A

Hydroxy group given by an -OH.

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16
Q

What are the properties of alcohols?

A

Smaller alcohols are polar because hydrogen bonding is stronger than dispersion forces but as molecular length increases alcohols become nonpolar as nonpolar portion weighs out polar -OH group. Increase in molecular length also has an increased boil point due to stronger dispersion.

17
Q

Reactions of alcohols.

A

Combustion and use for fuels.

18
Q

Why are fuels dyed different colours?

A

Most alkanes are colourless so to make them identifiable manufactures dye them different colours. Also used for safety reasons.

19
Q

What is a carboxylic acid?

A

A carboxylic acid is a hydrocarbon with a -COOH at the end of the chain. When naming them add an -oic onto the end.

20
Q

What are the properties of carboxylic acids?

A

They are weak acids. Has a relatively high boil point due to hydrogen bonding in -COOH group. Become less polar with increase in molecular length.

21
Q

What are the reactions of carboxylic acids?

A

React with alcohols to form esters known as esterification or condensation.

22
Q

What is the equation for esterification?

A

Carboxylic acid + alcohol ======> ester + water
H2SO4
eg. ethyl + ethanoic acid = Ethyl -Ethanoate + water

23
Q

What is the role of sulfuric acid in esterification?

A

Acts as a catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.

24
Q

How are alkanes produced?

A

The fractional distillation of crude oil.

25
Q

How are alkenes produced?

A

Catalytic cracking, where excess larger hydrocarbons are broken into smaller more useful ones.

26
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

It is a process that separates hydrocarbons with different boiling points from crude oil.

27
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

First step is to seperate crude oil in to different fraction s based on their boiling point. Hot crude oil enters base of tower and is immediately vaporised. The smaller/ lighter hydrocarbons rise to the top. As you move down the tower fractions become more heavier as they contain larger molecules.

28
Q

What is a property that makes higher fractions burn quicker?

A

Their molecular length is smaller and therefore had less dispersion forces so it takes less energy to break those forces.

29
Q

What is the trend with viscosity in alkanes?

A

Alkanes increase in viscosity with molecular length. This is because longer molecules have more electrons and have stronger dispersion forces. Therefore it is harder for longer molecules to slide past each other due to stronger dispersion forces.

30
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

Excess larger molecules are broken down into smaller more useful ones. It can be done 2 ways. Thermal cracking uses high temps. Catalytic cracking uses low temps and a catalyst. The catalyst increases the rate if the reaction.

31
Q

Advantages of catalytic cracking.

A
  • less heat required
  • quicker reaction time
  • provides smaller hydrocarbons
  • provides more valuable hydrocarbons
  • uses up excess large hydrocarbons
32
Q

Why can carbon produce many molecules?

A
  • single carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds
  • can link to other atoms and form strong bonds
  • can from a variety of chains and rings
33
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

A group equivalent to an alkane molecule minus one hydrogen. These are often branches off larger chains.

34
Q

True or false:

A functional group remains unchanged by most chemical reactions.

A

False.

35
Q

Which hydrocarbons have higher boiling points? (3)

A

Alcohols have highest due to hydrogen bond

Alkanes have higher BP than alkenes.

Chemistry 1 (8 decks)

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